Banquo and Macbeth Essay

Banquo’s Ghost appearing at the banquet is a graphic manifestation of the guilt that Macbeth feels. Since, Lady Macbeth needs to make excuses for Macbeth’s interaction with the ghost of Banquo means that the ghost is only visible in Macbeth’s eyes. During Macbeth’s coronation banquet, Lady Macbeth pulls Macbeth asides and asks him the reason behind his inappropriate behavior. Macbeth becomes angry because Lady Macbeth robustly accuses him of lying. When Lady Macbeth calls Macbeth a liar he replies, â€Å"If I stand here, I was him†(3.4.89). Trying to convince Lady Macbeth of what he saw, Macbeth has to prove to himself that he witnessed Banquo interrupt the feast. Baquo’s ghost is a figment of Macbeth’s guilt. Macbeth tries to convince himself that he sees a ghost and is not going mad. After realizing he is truly the only one seeing Banquo’s ghost Macbeth comes to the conclusion that â€Å"This [seeing Banquo’s ghost] is more strange / Than such a murder is†(3.4.98-99). Fear cuts deeper than a sword. Similar to his earlier epiphany, Macbeth accepts the fact that Banquo is dead on Macbeth’s account. When Macbeth returns to the table he proposes a toast that, â€Å"I drink to th’ general joy o’ th’ whole table / And to our dear friend Banquo, whom we miss†(3.4.108-109). Now, in a stage of acceptance, Macbeth is able to tame the million thoughts fighting in his head. Macbeth is in a state of denial. To insure himself that he is not going insane, Macbeth tells Banquo’s Ghost that â€Å"Thy bones are marrowless; thy blood is cold / Thou hast no speculation in those eyes / Which thou dost glare with†(3.4.114-116). Similar to when Macbeth tells his wife he saw a ghost, Macbeth tries to remain sane. We are not exposed to our real personality until something really awful happens. Once something bad happens all of the useless things fall away until we are left with who we really are. Work Cited Shakespeare, William. Macbeth. Ed. Barbara A. Mowat and Paul Werstine. Folger ed. New York City: Simon & Schuster, 1992. Print.

National Savings Essay

â€Å"National saving can be used domestically or internationally. Explain the basis of this statement, including the benefits to the nation of each use of its saving. † First of all, let’s understand the concept of national savings. In economics, a country’s national savings is the sum of private savings (i. e. personal savings) plus the business savings (i. e. undistributed corporate profits) and public savings (i. e. tax revenues less public expenditure). (economicswebinstitute. org, 2003) & (Wikipedia. org, 2008). So in simple words, what people save i. e. hen they avoide to consume all their income, is called â€Å"personal savings†. These savings can remain on the bank accounts for future use. For the economy as a whole, national saving is the portion of the nation’s income not used for private and public consumption. Just as for people, saving for the national economy is the act of setting some of current income aside for the future instead of spending it for current consumption. (Gao. gov, 2001). So the savings left in bank accounts are an important part of money. This money could be used by banks, which can decide to finance businesses. The amount of money used for investment depends on the deposits, which banks receive. So an increase of personal savings and/or corporate profits could increase investment. Companies which do not distribute a certain part of its corporate profits, will keep that money in bank accounts also for future business opportunities. Domestic investment could be investment in new factories and equipment, which can increase productivity of the nation’s workforce. The increased productivity, in turn, will lead to higher wages and greater economic growth over the long term. Gao. gov, 2001). So we come to the first conclusion that if national savings increase, a country through its banks could invest more in its economy and finance more projects and support the economy. In general, more national saving will increase a nation’s capacity to produce more goods and services and generate higher income in the future. (Gao. gov, 2001). This phenomenon has been seen in a couple of Asian countries, where the saving rate of households was very high like in Russia, Japan and China, which were able to industrialize quickly. It seems also that there is a close association between national savings and domestic investment in developing countries. These countries are in desperate need for cash to invest in infrastructure and boost its economy including industry, service, etc. Before going to the international market and asking for loans, these countries will first of all make use of every penny that they can find in their banks. So one of the main findings, is that national saving provides resources for a nation to invest domestically. Traditionally, there has been a strong relation between domestic savings and investment ratios. feweb. vu. nl, 2009) The question now is: will these resources be used only in the country itself or could they be used elsewhere. In a closed economy the national savings will definitely be reinvested in the domestic economy. But this is only in theory, since nowadays we can not really find a 100% closed economy anymore! There are countries that have high net saving surpluses and which need to invest it. These countries are sometimes too small to be able to offer the right investment opportunities for this huge liquidity. Countries in the Arabian Peninsula like Qatar, UAE or Kuwait are the best example. In addition, capital is getting very mobile and can be moved easily from one country to another and invested abroad. (wikipedia. org, 2008). With all that money floating around looking for an investment, it doesn’t seem that domestic savings are all that important any more. (socrates. berkeley. edu, 2011). Let’s elaborate more on the benefits of investing the national savings abroad? We agree that the sum of national saving and saving borrowed from abroad represents the total amount of resources available for investment. This investment could be used to purchase capital goods like plant, equipment, software, houses, and inventories, by businesses and governments. (socrates. berkeley. edu, 2011). So what are the benefits of investing the national savings abroad? Will this really lead to improving domestic economy and increase the wealth of the people? An investment abroad does indeed increase the nation’s wealth and will generate income. This income could be again reinvested in the domestic country or abroad. One of the very obvious examples is the economy of the GCC countries. Qatar is one of the smallest and wealthiest countries in the world. Its main wealth comes from oil and gas, which accounts for more than 90% of its GDP. Qatar invested huge billions in its domestic economy (infrastructure, refineries, ports, real estate, preparation for world cup 2022, etc). It still has huge amount of money, which could be invested strategically. It currently, invests billions of petrodollars in all 5 continents. It has bought shares in big companies in all kind of industries (oil and gas, banks, luxury, airlines, soccer etc). By doing so, it will even help other companies and countries invest in successful businesses and boost their economies. The other countries probably have national savings which are lower than the needed domestic investment. They will borrow from foreign savers (in this case Qatar) to compensate the difference. Qatar will also repatriate this money or even reinvest it. This is a way to create more wealth to Qatar and the Qatari people of the next generations. A similar phenomenon is seen in other GCC countries, Singapore or Norway which have the so called sovereign wealth funds, that move huge amount of money from one place to another searching for the best investment opportunities. National savings is beneficial for each nation,, which needs to invest in its domestic economy. It’s also important for other nations, which borrow the money in the international capital market. By doing so, they can make use of the capital flows to invest in their economies and pay back the loans. So in total the world economy is more dynamic. Huge amount of money go to where the investment opportunities are. As a conclusion, we can say that national savings and the resulting investment have huge implications on the wealth of a nation and of course on the well being of people in current and future generations.

PERSONAL PAPER IBEW LOCAL 3 Electrical Apprentice...How Electrical Essay

PERSONAL PAPER IBEW LOCAL 3 Electrical Apprentice...How Electrical Theory Class should be more of a hands on learning class the - Essay Example By stimulating my mind, not only does my interest and desire for what I am working on or with grow, but my learning is also affected in as much as I will learn and retain more information. Whereas in the case of lecturing only, it leaves the mind the opportunity to wander and not absorb as much information as it could. Lectures, books and training videos are all excellent sources to glean information. The problem remains, without a more hands-on approach, the information will likely become stagnant and ultimately forgotten. It is my desire to be an electrician, and forgetting vital information is not an option. In addition, I think it is essential in the overall learning process that by using a more hands-on approach, my teacher will also create an atmosphere of learning how to handle myself in a hazardous situation. If my teacher only gives me the education on how and why electricity works and acts as it does, how am I, in such a volatile environment, going to learn how to handle my self and act or react appropriately? My teacher is very highly educated, is fully aware, and understands the activity of electricity. That is vital, but it is equally important that I learn how to demonstrate what I have been taught in a safe, calm and professional manner. Often, people who have not received enough hands-on training overreact, panic or create a feeling of dread when they realize the true dangers they are dealing with. According to Dr. Michael Burke of Tulane University, this feeling is referred to the â€Å"dread factor†. given a more hands-on â€Å"training environment, †¦[we] are faced more acutely with the †¦dangers of the job and they are †¦more motivated to learn about such dangers and how to avoid them.† this applies to everyone in my class, because our actions and words will have a large impact on how we handle a given situation, and could be the difference between life and death. The hazards that any electrician faces are dauntin g, but with proper training and understanding, they are highly attuned to what is going on around them and act accordingly. In a more hands-on learning setting, it is more motivating to the apprentice to learn and use the knowledge gained. Hands-on learning also provides a social aspect to learning that would otherwise not occur. This social construct provides more details concerning the hazards and consequences of not acting or reacting responsibly. People in general are motivated by self-preservation and not knowing and understanding potential dangers is perilous to them as well as others. This lends itself to another aspect of hands-on learning that a lecture simply cannot provide. We as humans understand our weaknesses, no matter how strong or weak we may perceive ourselves to be. This understanding of our vulnerabilities is key to understanding how we learn. It is a huge motivator to learn actions, words and feelings that are unfamiliar, and address them in a controlled environ ment where a â€Å"life-threatening† situation is occurring. This way of learning will not only improve knowledge of electricity, its components and capabilities, but will also show, through experience, how to handle volatile situations.

Correctional Challenges Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Correctional Challenges - Essay Example A reduced workforce means that the remaining employees will have longer shifts with more work, which may lead to complaints and disagreements. Another challenge is that the correctional manager is forced to downsize the number of inmate programs at the facility. It becomes hard to decide which programs are to be downsized or eliminated, considering that most of these programs are very essential for the wellbeing of the inmates and the correctional facility. Vera Institute of Justice (2010) gives the example of the Colorado correctional facility which did away with a military-style boot camp with a 100 bed capacity, in which young offenders who were convicted of non-violent crimes. In some extreme cases, correctional managers are forced to close down some facilities, especially if the number of inmates reduces significantly (Vera Institute of Justice, 2009). The provision of healthcare to inmates is also affected since the government is unable to continually provide pharmaceuticals in correctional facilities. According to Vera Institute of Justice (2009), during the 2007 recession, some states reduced healthcare services towards correctional facilities meaning that the managers of these facilities needed to become innovative and find ways of purchasing drugs at a lower cost. As Gladwin& McConnell (2014) write, during periods of intense fiscal pressure, correctional managers are required to address challenges such as supervising inmates who are poorly organized and overcrowded, and maintaining order. According to Gladwin & McConnell (2014), federal facilities are forced to come up with ways of increasing productivity as a cost-reduction measure. Most of these cost-cutting measures require the involvement of the human resources department. Ideally, one of the ways in which the human resource department can be involved in cost-cutting and increased productivity is by reducing the workforce and digitalizing most processes. For

Financial Reporting for Sainsbury Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Financial Reporting for Sainsbury - Essay Example Income 640 585 Revenue 21,102 19,964 Net Profit Margin (Net Income / Revenue) 3.03% 2.93% (Sainsbury’s Annual Report 2011) The net profit margin indicates that over the past two year period, the company has increased its earning per dollar of revenue earned as it net profit margin percentage has increased from 2.93% in 2010 to 3.03% in 2011.additionally, for the current year, we can see that the company has earned 3 cents in net profit or net income against each dollar of revenue that it has earned in 2011. These net profit margin figures are also indicative of the fact that the company has been able to grow and improve its pricing strategy, reduce its operational costs and reduce its liability costs (interest to be paid) over the year which had led to an increase of 0.1% over the year (Ratio – Profit Margin, 2012, 3 Financial Ratios, 2012) Stockholders Equity Ratio: Details 2011 2010 Total Liabilities 5,475 5,679 Stockholders Equity 4,221 4,157 Stockholders Equity Rati o (Total Liabilities / Stockholders Equity) 1.30 1.37 (Sainsbury’s Annual Report 2011) The stockholders equity ratio indicates that the company has leveraged its equity and taken loans and established liabilities against it. The ratio is indicative of the number of times the company has leveraged itself over its equity. This implies that in 2011, the company has leveraged about 1.3 times its equity which has actually reduced from the previous year when it was 1.37 in 2010. A high ratio of stockholders equity indicates that the company has an aggressive financing mode and would like to grow through financial leverage instead of organic growth through buildup of retained earnings. For an organization that is in the retail sector, leverage ratios are generally ranging from 1.5 to 1.68 which means that... Center of discussion in this paper is Sainsbury Supermarket Ltd. Is a child company of Sainsbury’s PLC which is also commonly known as Sainsbury’s and is also the third largest retail outlet in the United Kingdom with a market share ranging to about 17%. Sainsbury’s has a long and hard history with several brand and organizational re-launches and which dates back to the 19th century in the Victorian Era. It became the largest retail store in London in the early 1920’s and is considered as a pioneer for self service in a retail store. In the early 1990’s, Tesco and Asda became larger than Sainsbury’s and took over its market share letting it slide down to the third position in the retail industry. In 2010-11, Sainsbury launched several sponsorship programs, the most popular of which is the sponsorship for 2012 Paralympics. In 2011, Sainsbury’s also opened its 1000th store which is based in Scotland and marks a major milestone for the co mpany and for the entire Sainsbury’s group. The financial analysis for Sainsbury’s includes two major ratios which are Net Profit Margin and Stockholder’s Equity Ratio. The case in point was the annual report for 2010-11 for Sainsbury’s Supermarket Ltd. which is one of the largest retail stores in the United Kingdom. The analysis of its ratios indicates that the company has shown great promise and its net profit margin has shown an improvement over the two year time period while its leverage is also significantly lower than an average of the retail companies.

Identity Theft Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Identity Theft - Research Paper Example As it is, people whose identity are compromised and have been assumed by another can suffer tremendous loses. Once the important information of a certain person is exposed to unscrupulous persons, such information can be used against that person. If the financial information of a certain person is compromised and the identity theft gain access to the person’s bank accounts, credit cards and others, the theft may be able to easily steal the money of that person (Abagnale, 2007). Aside from taking money from their victims, some identity thieves may use the signature or the accounts of their victim to commit crimes either online or offline (Cullen, 2007). A good example of this is when an identity theft uses the signature of another person to perpetuate fraudulent transactions either online or offline. By use the identity of the victim, the identity thief may be able to get away with the crime and his or her victim gets into trouble with the authorities. II. How Identity Theft Ca n be Committed Over the years, techno savvy thieves have developed a number of ways to steal important information by breaking into the information security system of companies and individuals. ... tity thief’s operation depends on the kind of strategies and mechanisms that he or she employs to get the necessary information to usurp the identity of another. In recent years, social engineering have become one of the most potent tools used by identity thieves to gain access to buildings, databases and computer systems across the country (Hadnagy, 2010). In this era of social networking when millions of people meet online to make friends or transact business, social engineering becomes one of the easiest methods of defrauding unsuspecting internet users. How does an identity theft make use of social networks to defraud his or her victims? Social engineering employs human psychology so instead of using software and programs to attack the database or the security system of a certain company or individual, the identity theft target the people who have access to the database or the security system (Hadnagy, 2010). The common strategy here is to study the work patterns of the ta rget individual or group of individuals and find strategies to trick these people into divulging passwords and access codes to their system. Social networking sites are often used by these people to befriend their targets and learn whatever they can from these people through trickery and guile. In a sense, social engineering is like stalking a prey and punching when the prey is at its most vulnerable moment. As it is, this method of retrieving information from human sources is a long process so it may take days, weeks or even months before the identity thief actually gets the information that he or she needs. Given this situation most of those people who employ this strategy to gain access to database may need to invest a lot of time on their targets (Hadnagy, 2010; Wilhelm, 2010). Note that

Cause & Effect ( poverty ) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cause & Effect ( poverty ) - Essay Example The main reason for this writing is to discuss some of the causes and effects of poverty which is a major pandemic in the globally particularly in Africa and Asia. Population has really gone high in the world thus resulting into overpopulation which eventually exerts a lot of pressure on the available limited resources such as land that could have been used in food production and even few employment resources that cannot satisfy the excess population. Overpopulation has contributed to poor planning in many nations particularly in the Africa and Asia since the governments of these countries do not have enough resources such as proper education and adequate food to cater for the excess population. Overpopulation and human activities has also led to environmental degradation which has really deteriorated the natural resources such as soil and water hence hindering food production and cash crop farming which may be essential in acquiring wealth. According to White & Luttik (1994), â€Å"Poverty is a major cause and effect of global environmental problems† (p. 110). Lack of adequate education and employment is one of the major causes of poverty since most countries cannot sufficiently afford to provide good schools and colleges as well as enough employment to their population. Inadequate education may prevent an individual from acquiring nice job that may eventually lead to a better life. According to Combat Poverty Agency (2013), â€Å"Being unemployed or in a low-paid job makes people more likely to be poor† (Web).Some other causes of poverty are availability of many younger and old people, long term illness or disability, single parenting and living in a disadvantaged community. Some of the effects of poverty are social tensions that divide a nation because of poor distribution of wealth such that a few people have all the money. Poor people cannot afford good housing thus making them to

Working capital management - a business organizations success Essay

Working capital management - a business organizations success - Essay Example Working capital management is essential for a business organization's success and even mere survival. By focusing in this aspect, companies are able to ensure sufficient cash flow in order to settle maturing short term obligations and finance expected operational expenses (McClure 2008). Without efficient techniques in managing working capital, a company can show profitability but might be illiquid to settle its current liabilities thereby jeopardizing its relationship with creditors. Working capital management also covers the efficient collection of accounts receivable and sale of inventory in order to generate cash. The better the company manages working capital, the less money it needs to borrow. Holding excessive cash is also seen as inefficient because it can be used for investment which maximizes shareholder wealth. One of the best examples of companies which benefits from focusing on working capital management is computer giant Dell, Inc. The company's success can be directly attributed to its efficient inventory management system which eliminates excessive production. In contrast with typical manufacturers, Dell's production is tied up with customer demand enabling it to get rid of inventory holding cost.

Minerals and How We Use Them Essay Example for Free

Minerals and How We Use Them Essay Elements combine together to form different minerals and minerals combine to form rocks. There are 92 naturally occurring elements and with exception of a few inert elements like Gold, Platinum etc. , they combine together to form as many as 4000 minerals. Out of this large number of minerals only about two dozens are common (constitutes ~ 99% of Earth crust) and these are composed of about a dozen elements. These rock forming elements can be classified in five groups – silicates, carbonates, oxides and sulfates. In following sections we will briefly describe these minerals, their formation and usage. Silicates: Silicon is the 2nd most abundant element next to oxygen on the Earth crust. It combines with oxygen to form a tetragonal compound, SiO2, which combines together to form a large tetragonal structure. Besides, SiO2 combines with other metal oxides, to form their silicates. Some examples of common silicates are Olivine, Pyroxene, Amphibole, Micas, Feldspar etc. Carbonates: Carbonates CO32- are linear molecules consisting of carbon and oxygen. These ions are arranged in the form of sheet in minerals like Calcite and Dolomite. Oxides: Metals react with oxygen to form their oxides. Some important oxide minerals are Hematite (Fe2O3), Magnetite (Fe3O4), Chromite (Cr2O3), Cassiterite (SnO2) etc. Sulfides: These are metal-sulfur compounds. Some important sulfide compounds are known as Pyrites like Chalcopyrite, Fools Gold etc. These minerals have metallic luster. Sulfates: These are composed of metal ions and sulfate ions (SO42-). These minerals have practically no ore value to the date. However, these are used as compounds. One important sulfate mineral is Gypsum (CaSO4. 2H2O). Mineral Formation: Minerals form by crystallization and growth in a liquid. The liquid can be either a molten rock or an aqueous solution. When temperature of a molten rock or magma falls below freezing point of a mineral, the mineral crystallizes. Minerals do not have a sharp freezing point; instead they solidify over a range, depending on their composition. The first to solidify is the one having highest solidification point and this is Quartz, subsequently other metal silicates solidify. Minerals solidifying towards the end have lowest solidification point. Besides, minerals crystallize in aqueous solution as well. This happens when an aqueous solution having minerals at some temperature, becomes supersaturated due to change in temperature (generally cooling, but sometimes heating as well). In case of mineral precipitation from an aqueous solution, what is important is solubility and not the melting point of the mineral Properties of Mineral: Minerals are characterized by some of their unique properties like Crystal form, Hardness, Cleavage and Fracture, Color, Specific Gravity etc. crystal form of a mineral depends on the internal arrangement of the constituent atoms / ions. This leads to well developed faces of the crystal and is a very important clue of crystal identification. Hardness of a mineral depends on the bond strength of the constituent atoms / ions. It is measured on Mohs scale (1 to 10). Higher Mohs value implies higher hardness; 10 is for diamond and 1 for talc. Color: Color of a mineral depends on its chemical composition, structure and also on impurity content. This is also an important clue for mineral identification. Specific Gravity: This is a very important property of minerals and difference in specific gravity is utilized for mineral separation. Usages of Mineral: We use minerals in many different ways. These are used as such for example, sand as construction material, Limestone for making cement, Gypsum for making Plaster of Paris etc. Besides, metals, the backbone of today’s civilization, are extracted from their respective minerals. Some examples are Iron from hematite / magnetite, Copper from chalcopyrite, Uranium from uranite etc. Thus we can conclude that minerals are invaluable to us. Chapter 26: Rocks Rocks are the building block of the Earth crust. Therefore, we encounter rocks everywhere. The study of rocks is important as they give us clue of the geological past of the Earth, besides they contain in them minerals, which have great value for us. The Earth can be viewed as the churning ground for rocks, where rocks keep forming and changing their forms. Based on origin, rocks are classified in three categories – Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic. In subsequent paragraphs we will discuss briefly about these rocks. Igneous Rock: These are formed by solidification of magma. Magma is molten rock, which comes out from within the Earth crust during volcanic eruptions. It is useful to know formation of magma. As we go down the Earth Crust, its temperature rises at a rate of ~ 30 oC per kilometer. Thus at a sufficient depth, temperature of the rock is well above their melting point, but the rock is still solid due to the overhead pressure by the rocks above it. But due to tectonic movements, sometimes a hot solid rock moves up where pressure is less that needed to keep it solid, and then it melts and the molten magma rises above through cracks. The rising magma further reduces the pressure on it and causes formation of more magma. Also, sometimes, water comes in contact with hot rock through some cracks and water being foreign body or impurity, reduces melting point of the rock, which melts and thus magma is produced. The magma rises up through cracks and heats and melts the rocks in the way and thus creates more magma. The rising magma cools and solidifies and thus igneous rocks are formed. If the magma comes out of Earth’s surface (it is known as Lava) and solidifies then what is formed is Extrusive Rock, an important example is Basalt, which is low silica fast moving magma. If the magma solidifies within the ground itself, then what forms is Intrusive Rock or Plutons, an example is a Dike. Sedimentary Rocks: Weathering of rocks leads to formation of smaller fragments of rocks. This process can be either mechanical or chemical. The weathered rocks erode i. e. they are transported away to a new location by carrier agents like flowing water and wind. During transportation also, these fragments collide with each other and gets smoothened. When the carrying ability of these agents weakens, these fragments settle at those locations. The process continues and new lays keep depositing. The underlying layer is compressed by the top layers and densifies and thus is formed a layered Rock structure, known as sedimentary rock. If the sediments are composed of small rock fragments, this is called Clastic, while those formed by chemical precipitation are called chemical sediments. Clastic sedimentary rocks are classified according to their constituent particle sizes. Fine seiments are clay, silt and sand and they form rocks like Mudstone Shale, Siltstone and Sandstone respectively. Coarse sediments are pebble, cobble and boulder and they form Conglomerates. Chemical sedimentary rocks are formed by precipitation from supersaturated aqueous solutions. Some examples of chemical sedimentary rocks are Limestone, Dolomite, and halites; halites are formed by evaporation of lakes or seawater. Many fossils are preserved in the sedimentary rocks and they give clues to the life in past. Metamorphic rocks When a rock mass – igneous as well as sedimentary, is brought in a region (by natural process) where temperature and or pressure is too high for existence of the rock, then is changes its form and the process is termed metamorphism (change in shape) and the resulting rock is metamorphic rock. The metamorphism can be brought about by recrystallization or mechanical deformation. Some examples of metamorphic rocks are Granite (from lime stone), Diamond (from coal or graphite), etc. Rock cycle refers to a cycle through which these rocks – igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic, keep changing into each other by the different forces of Nature. Chapter 28: Occurrence and Movement of Water Life evolved on the Earth in water (oceans) and water is essential for life. More than 70% of Earth’s surface is covered with water. Therefore, it is important to understand about this precious material and its cycle. Hydrological cycle refers to the chain of processes through which water moves from different forms (ice, water and water vapor) and different reservoirs (oceans, rivers, glaciers) etc. , while its amount remains more or less constant between different forms and reservoirs. About 97% of Earth’s water is in Oceans which covers more than 70% of Earths surface. About 2% is locked in polar icecaps and glaciers and remaining less than 1% is distributed between water vapors, ground water, rivers and lakes. The process of evaporation moves water from oceans into the atmosphere as water vapor, approximately 75% of which rains back into the oceans and thus hydrological water cycle is complete for the 75% of the water vapors. Remaining 25% rains on the ground and thus the water cycle gets is prolonged. Because, the water falling on ground is distributed among ground water, river water, glaciers, lakes etc. In subsequent paragraphs we will discuss briefly about these reservoirs. Ground Water About 98. 5% of fresh waters stay beneath the ground in the pores, in the form of Ground water and soil moisture. Beneath the ground, there is a region where all the pores are filled completely with water. This region is called saturated zone. Above this zone and up to the Earth’s surface there exists unsaturated zone or a zone where the pores are partially filled with water and air. The amount of rainwater that can be absorbed as ground water depends on the nature of the soil i. e. how porous or dense it is. While porous soil absorbs more of rainwater, the dense rocks and soil absorb less of it and let remaining flow as rivers. The water table refers to the level which demarcates the saturated and unsaturated zones. The water table is not having a flat profile rather it is having a profile of its own. Therefore, water is not stationery in saturated zone; rather it flows under pressure head. The water bearing underground regions where water can flow is known as Aquifers. The flow rate of water through an Aquifer depends on hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer and the hydraulic head. The aquifers are of two types – unconstrained and constrained. In unconstrained aquifer, the sediment over the water table is permeable and allows recharge of aquifer. In confined aquifer, the aquifer is confined between impermeable rocks. In such aquifers recharge is not from directly above rather the recharge zone is in the unconfined region at a higher elevation. In such aquifers, we have Artesian wells and Artesian springs. Streams are flowing surface water like rivers. They receive water from rains as well as from melting of glacier and transport the same into oceans or sometimes into large lakes. The stream speed depends on stream gradient, stream discharge and channel geometry. The stream gradient is largest near the head and here the channel shape is generally V-shaped and stream speed is very high. As the stream proceeds towards moth, the stream gradient decreases and therefore, stream speed also decreases and the channel geometry becomes wide and shallow. Drainage basin refers to a network of streams which receives all the rain water in that geographical region and carries it to the oceans. Glaciers are large masses of ice, which move under their own weight due to plastic deformation as well as melting of ice under pressure. A glacier accumulates during winter and it ablates into water by moving down to warmer elevations, where it melts. Glaciers are the origin of the famous river basins which have water through out the year. The oceans are the largest water mass having more than 97% of water on the Earth. The average depth of oceans is 3800 meters much larger than the average height of the mainland (~800) above the mean sea level. The boundary between the continents and the oceans is called Continental margin. This consists of continental shelf (the submerged portion of the margin) and continental slope and a continental rise. Waves are produced in oceans due to the wind and these waves superimpose with each other and create different patterns.

Mobile Operating Systems Essay Example for Free

Mobile Operating Systems Essay The purpose of this research paper is to provide a basic overview of what a mobile operating system is and the different options available to choose from. Many issues arise when determining which mobile OS is the best for each user, such as security issues, availability of apps, compatibility with other hardware, etc. These are all fundamental aspects to consider when choosing what mobile OS someone would want to invest in when choosing their smartphone of choice. The most popular mobile OS’s are developed specifically for smartphones, while other feature-rich phones use stripped down mobile version of an OS that doesn’t provide as many features and capabilities as more advanced mobile operating systems. These higher end mobile operating systems that we will be focusing on are iOS, Android, Windows Phone, Blackberry, and webOS. While there does exist a greater variety of mobile operating systems, the following operating systems are the main OS’s that exist in the United States and around the world. What is a mobile operating system? How do you know which mobile OS is the best one to fit the specific needs of a user or business? Those questions will hopefully be answered by analyzing the mobile OS industry and what each mobile OS has to offer in terms of features, capabilities, and the availability of services within the OS. The Smartphone Market Today Over the last few years, companies have taken the initiative to make mobility a strong focus among modern day uses. And smartphones have become a prime target to dry and develop for to achieve top market share over the competition. Mobile operating systems is an industry that is in its growth cycle, making it more and more enticing for companies to enter the market. There are a couple manufacturer-built operating systems, which is Apple’s iOS operating system, RIM’s Blackberry OS, and HP’s webOS. Third party propriety operating systems consist of Microsoft’s Windows Phone 7, and a few open-sourced operating systems are Google’s Android OS, etc. (Haroon, 2011) The Importance of Mobile Operating Systems In America, the importance and significance of what mobile operating system you are using has become more and more of a topic of discussion. Many tech sites and blog sites are comparing the top mobile OS and providing a side by side comparison to determine which the best one is. But the bottom line is, each mobile OS provides great features and has been polished and developed over many versions throughout the years that each one ends up being a good OS. It all ends up to what the user want, and what specific needs the user requires that is met by the right mobile OS. Around the globe, â€Å"IDC say 157. 8 million smartphones sold worldwide in Q4 2011, bringing the total for the year to 491. 4 million units. (Haroon, 2011) The first Apple iOS version was released with the iPhone in 2007. The OS’s intuitive and easy to use ability has given the OS the competitive advantage and its features. The first iteration of iOS lacked many features that other smartphone operating systems had but Apple quickly began to develop more and more features that customers requested, like copy paste, tethering, etc. Blackberry is developed by RIM and has been a tremendous success throughout the business world, and became the choice of smartphone when it was first released. Although it had a lot of success initially, it began to decline with the increase of competition of Android and iOS. HP webOS was HP’s attempt to get into the mobile industry, when Palm first initially built webOS. It did not catch on among consumers and never gained enough market share to be competitive. Android is Google’s take on how mobile operating systems should be; open and user customizable. It was developed in 2005 and saw a huge growth and has quickly become the mobile OS of choice amongst many across the world. iOS by Apple The iOS mobile OS, formerly known as iPhone OS, was unveiled on January 9, 2007 at the Macworld Conference Expo. It was then later released to the public with the release of the first iPhone later that June. The iPhone was one of the first smartphones that revolutionized the smartphone industry and set a new standard to how smartphones should be today and the vision for the future. iOS quickly became so popular that Apple began to use the iOS to operate other devices such as the iPod touch, iPad 1 + 2, and the Apple TV. Shortly after the release of the iPhone, Apple then announced that a Software Development Kit (SDK) was under development and would be in the hands of developers soon. This led to an influx of developers rushing to the mobile OS to find new and intuitive ways that users can interact with their phone through third party applications. The AppStore was a success when released and apps were being developed at an extraordinary pace for the iPhone. To develop and make apps for iOS, you must have a keen understanding to develop using Xcode and objective-C. (Since the release of Xcode 3. , Xcode is the development environment for the iOS SDK. iPhone applications, like iOS and Mac OS X, are written in Objective-C. † (O’Dell, 2012) iOS is essentially a home screen with app icons with limited customization options for the user, but this is what made the iPhone so popular. It was easy to use and intuitive. It was easy for a new person entering the smartphone market to pick up the iPhone and learn how to use it within a matter of a few minutes. Although it doesn’t provide the heavy customizing options like Android, it stands up fairly well against the competition and the sales of the iPhone, iPod, and iPad prove that. Android by Google Android, Inc. was initially founded in Palo Alto, California in 2003 by Andy Rubin. Android, Inc. was then later acquired by Google in 2005 and became a wholly owned subsidiary of Google. With the support and funding of Google, Android quickly became a mobile OS force to be reckoned with. Android is a mobile OS that is Linux-based for smartphones and tablets. â€Å"Android has a large community of developers writing applications (apps) that extend the functionality of the devices. Developers write primarily in a customized version of Java. Apps can be downloaded from third-party sites or through online stores such as Android Market, the app store run by Google. † Google had one thing in mind when it came to Android, and that was to compete head to head against Apple’s iOS. Since the introduction of Android, many updates have been released adding new features and capabilities that kept it being on par with the iPhone, and sometimes even exceeding in areas that iOS lacked, such as multi-tasking and customization options. One of the primary reasons Android became so successful was due to its open source environment. Manufacturers from all over the world began to develop smartphones integrating the Android OS while also developing a customized version of their own take on Android on top of it. HTC, Samsung, and Motorola are a few of many that are known for providing customized versions of Android that make it a more customizable phone experience for users. (Newman, 2012) While Android has seen an extraordinary growth and positive feedback from consumers in recent years, along with the OS comes its downfalls and negatives. One aspect that has always plagued Android from the beginning and has only gotten worse is this idea of fragmentation. Google releases a handful of updates throughout the year, and due to the openness of Android, hardware manufacturers have always been given the freedom to customize Android in their own way making their devices differentiate from the competition. This has only caused these updates that Google releases during the year to not be readily available once the update is pushed out. Consumers are finding themselves craving for the latest Android update only to be waiting for months and months after it is released. Google seems to be listening and plans to reduce fragmentation across its operating system starting with the release of Ice Cream Sandwich (Android 4. 0). Google is making it mandatory that any smartphone or tablet that has the Android Market installed will have to by default make the new â€Å"Holo† theme that ICS introduced. This is a step in the right direction for Android and the result of this change will hopefully be speedier delivery of future Android updates. (Purewal, 2012) Google has had tremendous success no doubt with its Android mobile operating system. Following the steps of the OS version dubbed â€Å"gingerbread†, Ice Scream Sandwich followed suit implementing new features and user interface changes that make Android more modern and competitive against the iPhone. But Google is already taking its next step in the next version of Android. Android 5. 0, which will be dubbed â€Å"Jelly Bean†, is the next version Google plans to release following the Ice Cream Sandwich release. This version of the mobile OS will implement better tablet handling for the new features and UI changes that were introduced in Ice Scream Sandwich. Even though Ice Cream Sandwich just came out of its wrapper, the upcoming release of Windows 8 has supposedly inspired Google to speed up its release schedule. Android 5. 0 is rumored to have Chrome integration; Also in DigiTimes report were hints that Android 5. 0 Jelly Bean will come in two flavors: Google and Microsoft. The article said that brand vendors can either choose to adopt only Android 5. 0 or add Android 5. 0 to Windows 8 devices with the ability to switch between the two OSes without the need to shut down the computer. (Slattery, 2012) With these rumors surfacing up, it’s looking like a bright future for Android and the types of integration Google has planned for the OS among other devices. If the rumors come out to be true, Apple may have something to be worried about. Blackberry by RIM (Research In Motion) In the business world, RIM was a company that everyone knew about. Businesses from all over the world knew that if people were to have a smartphone in a business, the best choice would be a blackberry. Although RIM has lost its market share it once had, it will always be remembered as one of the best mobile OS in for a business. Blackberry is a propriety operating system developed by Research In Motion which debuted in January 1999 with version 1. 0 for the Pager Blackberry 580. Throughout the years, RIM began to continue adding new features implementing input devices such as track wheel, track ball, and most recently, the track pad and touchscreen. iOS and Android began competing for the smartphone market releasing updates for their mobile OS that in ways surpassed the capabilities and features of the once king Blackberry OS. (Kerr, 2012) In 2011, RIM released Blackberry OS 7. version which was long rumored to implement features found within other popular mobile OS. But something always plagued the Blackberry OS. Apps did not catch on within the Blackberry atmosphere as it did with the iPhone. Developers did not find it easy to develop for the OS and thought that RIM did not have the hardware support needed to have such high quality apps. RIM began finding itself lagging behind the competition and to this day are still trying to find ways to climb back up the ladder they once were. Their recent attempts with OS 7. 0 are to tie in user interface concepts found within iOS, Android, and Windows Phone. Blackberry has always been an OS to differentiate itself from the competition, but this shift seems like the wrong direction for Blackberry. Instead of trying to nibble bits and pieces of other mobile OS’s, RIM needs to find new and innovative ways that it can stand out from its competition. Windows Phone 7 by Microsoft When people from all over the world speak about operating systems, Microsoft is the giant that comes to mind within the PC industry. Microsoft is a company that revolutionized the way individuals interact with computers and the capabilities available today. But Microsoft was once the giant for the mobile OS market as it was for the PC market. Windows Mobile was developed by Microsoft and it was based off of the Windows CE kernel. It supported applications that were developed by third party developers with no imposed restrictions by Microsoft. This allowed developer to build software that the Windows platform supported while also having the opportunity to profit from the software they made available. One of the most common features within Windows Mobile was the ability to multitask and also the ability to navigate a file system that was somewhat similar to that of Windows 9x/NT. The success Microsoft once had in the smartphone market soon came to an end. With the introduction of the iPhone by Apple, every competitor saw an uphill battle. Apple grabbed many developers in order to make the mobile OS a huge success like it is today. iOS introduced new features and rich native apps that were not found in any other mobile OS. In short, Windows Mobile looked very outdated compared to iOS. The success of iOS began to dethrone Microsoft from the top spot it once had, finding itself struggling to keep up with the competition. Microsoft released many software versions of Windows Mobile throughout the years; Windows Mobile 5, 6, 6. 1, 6. 5. But each software release did not have the impact Microsoft desired it to have. Microsoft knew it had to do something, and fast. So they introduced Windows Phone 7. Windows Phone 7 is the successor of the Windows Mobile operating system. It is developed by Microsoft and was launched in the second half of 2010 and early 2011 in Asia. This mobile OS was a complete redesign to what Microsoft was doing in all of its previous years with Windows Mobile. They adapted up to date technology and development tools that were relevant in today’s modern world, such as Silverlight. Microsoft had a whole new attitude with Windows Phone 7, and their mission is to see their competitors catch up to them. Microsoft offers a new user interface with its design language, Metro, integrates the operating system with third party and other Microsoft services, and controls the hardware on which it runs. One of the newest revisions of a mobile operating system has been Microsoft’s latest attempt of Windows on smartphone. Windows Mobile was an extreme failure that simply could not catch on as much as they tried. The operating system was buggy and not very user friendly for the usual smartphone customer. Windows Phone 7 is Microsoft’s latest attempt to try and turn around the future of Windows on mobile devices. Fackler states ten reasons why he believes it has an edge over Google’s Android operating system. The first being it’s user stream-lined user interface. â€Å"With WP7, you know what kind of interface you’re going to be working with, regardless of the handset manufacturer. † Secondly, it has an easier to user interface. WP7’s â€Å"tile† system is simply easier to organize and find the things you need to throughout the day. † Thirdly, Windows Phone 7 has a less amount of apps compared to Android that are crap. â€Å"WP7’s â€Å"tile† system is simply easier to organize and find the things you need to throughout the day. † The other reasons are, Microsoft live integration, Microsoft Mobile Office integration, less lawsuits compared to Android, stability, Zune integration, snappier keyboard, and lastly, no ad-ware. All of these reasons contribute to why Fackler states Windows Phone 7 has the competitive advantage over Android. Not everyone is clearly a fan of Android, and the important thing to always remember, is that there are other options available depending on the user and how they would prefer their mobile operating system experience to be. (Fackler, 2012) WebOS by HP There are a few varieties of mobile operating systems that exist today. iOS, Android, Blackberry, and Windows Phone 7 are proving to be the more dominant mobile OS within the world. But there was an operating system that was created in the days of Palm that saw a blurry vision. Palm created webOS to compete against the iOS which is developed by Apple. WebOS was one of the first mobile operating systems from an intuitive standpoint to give iOS a run for its money. It introduced a new way for multitasking on smartphones and implemented a great strategy to do so. It was a first of its kind really on any mobile operating system. WebOS also had a feature called Synergy. What Synergy did was pull information from other networks, and integrated that information seamlessly within the OS. This was an operating system that without the necessary support it needed, later began to suffer and fell into the hands of HP. HP purchased Palm for $1. billion and the future of webOS remained a mystery. HP later confirmed that it will stop producing webOS hardware products which meant no more tablets, smartphones, etc. But that does not mark the fate of webOS. HP announced that webOS will live on as an open source platform. â€Å"HP will make the underlying code of webOS available under an open source license. Developers, partners, HP engineers and other hardware manufacturers can deliver ongoing enhancements and new versions into the marketplace. † With the OS now being open sourced, will webOS finally get the hardware it deserves? This can only increase the amount of options we have available in the mobile operating systems industry. In recent months, Hewlett Packard made the decision to make the once popular webOS mobile operating system open-source. This means that developers and hardware manufacturers will have the opportunity to manipulate the OS in ways that were limited before. But some say that the problem was never in the fact that webOS was closed source; it was webOS and its initial development from the beginning that determined the failure of the mobile OS. WebOS relied on WebKit, which is an open-source software engine used by browsers to display Web pages. Mr. Mercer said that this was a mistake because it prevented the applications to run as fast enough to be on par compared to the iPhone. â€Å"WebOS app development team said the core issue with WebOS was actually Palm’s inability to turn it into a platform that could capture the enthusiasm and loyalty of outside programmers. † WebOS was developed in about nine months, and the company according to this former employee, took some short cuts to get there. Another issue that determined the outlook of webOS was recruitment. Back in 2009, it was hard to find programmers that had a good understanding and grasped the developmental oncepts involving WebKit. Mr. Mercer said that most of the top talent was already snatched up by Apple and Google. The former employees said that Jon Rubenstein, former Palm’s chief executive, because of his hardware background, he did not understand the logistics of creating a powerful new operating system, and he was ultimately responsible for the decision to rely on WebKit. Conclusion of Mobile Operating Systems Clearly, there are many options to choose from when it comes to smartphones today, and what mobile operating system is found underneath the hardware is just as important as the hardware it runs on. OS, Android, Blackberry, Windows Phone, and WebOS are all great platforms and provide different functionalities that cater to the needs of specific individuals. iOS caters more to a consumer friendly and business market, while Android caters more to people who love the option to customize their OS a lot. These mobile OS each offer new ways for you to enjoy your mobile experience, so it’s important that you realize which would be best for your individual or business need.

Streptococcus Pyogenes Overview

Streptococcus Pyogenes Overview The beta-hemolytic bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes formally belongs to the family Streptococcaceae, where it is known to be the most pathogenic bacterium out of its entire genus because of the wide spectrum of diseases it is known to cause. However, Streptococcus pyogenes is a ubiquitous, facultative anaerobic bacterium that can be located in the nasal passageways of some healthy individuals due to its ideal environment for microbes. It is a gram positive bacteria that is classified as a group A Streptococci (GAS) that is unique in its ability to cause a wide range of different onsets of illness in its host such as tonsillitis, scarlet fever, cellulitis, erysipelas post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, necrotizing fasciitis, myonecrosis and lymphangitis. The name Streptococcus is a derivative from the Greek word Streptos meaning easily twisted or to bend and likewise to pyogenes which is a derivative from the word pyogenic, which is a classification for Streptococci that are compat ible with pus formation. Humans are the common reservoir for Streptococcus pyogenes which is capable of causing an array of different symptoms depending on the direct illness it is inflicting on its host. However, it is commonly known for being the culprit behind Streptococcal pharyngitis (Strep throat), where it can cause a mild to severe sore throat accompanied with a fever, tender/swollen lymph nodes and irritated tonsils. It is highly successful in its fast commute from one person to the next. The transmission can be as simple and innocent as the swap of nasal or throat secretions via airborne droplets or from sharing contaminated food and drinks. Strep throat shows no discrimination in the ages it infects. Although, it tends to be more prevalent in young children. Even though Strep throat is highly contagious it is typically a short lived illness that is easily treated by health care providers with the proper course of anti-biotics. If left untreated or mistreated complications such as rheumatic fever c an arise, which is the bodys over driven immune response to the infection. On the other end of the spectrum Streptococcus pyogenes can cause a more detrimental onset of symptoms with the disease known as Necrotizing Fasciitis (The flesh eating disease). Necrotizing Fasciitis is a rare inflammatory infection that promptly targets the fascia and subcutaneous tissues leaving painful blisters and redness on the surface of the infected areas of skin. The symptoms commonly associated with this disease range from flu-like symptoms, the presence of boil-like blisters, discoloration, infrequent urination and significant swelling of the infected area. It is generally spread through direct contact with open or infected wounds on individuals. Unlike Strep throat, Necrotizing Fasciitis is not as commonly seen or as easily treated. It has a high mortality rate, with 1 out of 4 infected people dying from it. ( SITE). However, healthy individuals who practice proper daily hygiene typically dont hav e to worry about becoming infected with Necrotizing Fasciitis. People who are at a greater risk include those who have had recent surgery, a compromised immune system , abrasions on the skin, diabetes, cancer, have had previous surgery etc. Streptococcus pyogenes is a non-sporing bacterium that is non-motile in nature and can be observed in chains and clumps of cocci that are less than 2  µm in length, producing impressive sized colonies greater than 0.5 mm. There are several different unique M serotypes that contribute to the different diseases caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. Some of strains of M serotypes include Streptolysin O, Streptolysin S, Streptodornase, Streptococcal chemokine protease, Hyaluronidase, Streptokinase, etc. Streptolysin O is a toxin that works on the cell membranes permeability in order to allow for more adequate uptake of larger charged molecules. Streptolysis S†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Clinical Significance. Streptococcus Pyogenes is self- equipped with many virulence factors that are highly advantageous in its evasion of the hosts immune response in order to make it every bit of possible to establish a productive infection within its host. Initially lipoteichoic aid (LTA) allow for the bacteria to establish an adhering relationship between the cellular surface or mucosa of epithelial cells.(depending on the area of attachment). Protein F (Fibronectin binding protein) comes in and acts as a strong binding reinforcer between the bacteria and its surface of chosen attachment. However, all the while if the bacterium entered through the mouth it may be encountered with secretory IgA antibody in the saliva trying to counter the effects of the antigens on its surfaces to loosen the bacterium. The successful bacterium than quickly begin replicating and colonizing the appealing greater surface area on the tonsils, causing swollen lymph glands and tissue damage as the bacte rium produces compounds like Hyaluronidase to degrade the mammalian cells. The secretions of bradykinins and chemokines result due to the hosts tissue damage which initiate the process of inflammation. The increase of inflammation as well as the rapid ongoing bacterium replication results in the sequence of many immune cells, specifically being neutrophils, macrophages, T-cells, B-cells and dendritic cells. The swollen glands are a direct result of the T -cells increasingly occupying the tonsils while the appearance of yellow pus in the back of the throat is result of the demise of neutrophils. The M protein along with an outer hyaluronic acid capsule aid the bacteria in resisting phagocytosis. All the while pyogenes has established mechanisms to counter specific responses of the host immune response such as T-cell proliferation, counter against neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), degradation of IgG,etc.

Electrical Engineering :: Graduate Admissions Essays

Electrical Engineering My decision to pursue graduate study in the United States is underscored by my desire to be a part of the graduate program at your institution. Purdue University offers the flexibility needed for such a vast and rapidly changing field. The research facilities and the faculty at the university are par excellent. Communications is an industry that has changed our lives. In a very short period it has changed the way we have looked at things since centuries. It is one industry that is going to shape our future for centuries to come. Hence my desire to do masters in electrical engineering with communications as my major. My interest in electronics blossomed during my high school years. It was the time when technology had begun to make an impact on the lives of people in India. Hence engineering with electronics as my major was the first choice for my undergraduate studies. Right since the beginning of my undergraduate study electronics is a subject that has fascinated me with its power of applications. The subjects that I have studied include Linear Electronics, Digital Electronics. These laid the foundation for my courses in Electronic Communication & Communication Systems at a later stage. My undergraduate studies already focus on the communications aspect of electronics. A masters degree in electrical engineering with communications as major field is the next logical step. For the past four months I have been working as a project trainee at the Indian Institute for Advanced Electronics. I am working on the design and development of a "PC Controlled Digital Serial Data Generator". This short stint has given me invaluable practical experience. It has given me the confidence to pursue a masters degree and also kindled a desire to do research. During the course of my work at IIAE, I have come across several scientists. Most of them work in different areas of communications. Interactions with them have made me realize the vastness and the scope of communications. My discussions with them convinced me that specializing in communications will suit me very well. The subject of research which interests me very much is spread spectrum communication systems. Coding theory and combinations is another research subject which arouses my curiosity. The subject Communication Theory which I am studying at present introduces these topics in theory.

People of The Great Gatsby and People of Today :: Great Gatsby Essays

People of The Great Gatsby and People of Today The young adults in F.Scott Fitzgerald's novel The Great Gatsby are similar to the adults of today. They show resemblance by portraying racism, irresponsibility, and corruption. Like the young adults of today many display integrity and are innocent. The people of the two generations exploit violence and have gangs and gang leaders. The generation of the 20's and the generation of the 00's exhibit irresponsibility and corruption through many characters such as Myrtle, Meyer Wolfshiem and Tom. After Myrtle bought the puppy she took no care of it at all. She never took it for walks, didn't feed it continuously, and later we find his dog leash just lying around. Tom was irresponsible and prejudice towards other races which were different form his in many instances. His irresponsibility was displayed when he was having an affair with Myrtle and not staying together with Daisy. Tom's prejudice on other races was revealed when he said, "nowadays people begin by sneering at family life and family institutions and next they'll throw everything overboard and have intermarriage between black and white,"(137). In society today many races are discriminated against because they are thought to be inferior. In school, at work, and in anyone's neighborhood there is discrimination because of the skin color and they are harassed. There was violence in the 20's with gangs and mob leaders such as Al Capone. He was a notorious racketeer who fought with other gangs. Today there are also gang crimes like in the music business there were killings of two rap artists. The killings took place because of animosity among the East Coast and the West Coast rappers. Even though there is discrimination and irresponsibility many young adults prove their integrity and assist others in the most crucial times. Everyone thought Gatsby was a killer and they were scared of him but he was compassionate. When Nick says, "They're a rotten crowd, You're worth the whole damn bunch put together,"(162), we feel the same way about him because his love for Daisy was most valuable to him. He takes the blame of Daisy for killing Myrtle even though he knows his life can be taken away in jail.

Organic Food

Jessica Perez Professor A. Madsen English VO1 A 6 November, 2012 Is Organic Food Worth the Extra Cost? With technology reigning, it’s no wonder that in today’s world, food is being processed more quickly and efficiently to feed millions of mouths a day; however, there are also a handful of people who decide not to eat processed foods which is why in recent years, organic foods have begun to rise in popularity. Most people purchase organic foods because they believe it is healthier for them and that it pledges to be 100% pesticide and chemical free.Unlike non-organic foods, organic foods are also better for the environment. Despite these advantages, only a few people are able to afford the purchase of organic foods since the cost is twice that of non-organic foods. While organic foods have a reputation for being better than non-organic foods, consumers have many misconceptions about the term organic. As a result, many consumers have no clue that the underlying facts behi nd organic foods which may not be worth the extra cost.What consumers need to understand first is the meaning of the term organic and how foods qualify as organic. Jennifer Rose, staff writer and new media manager of the Organic Trade Association (OTA), explains that organic foods are simply processed and distributed using natural agricultural methods. These natural methods include without the use of pesticides, antibiotics, synthetic nitrogen fertilizers and any type of form to genetically modify the foods (Chen 13). In order for organic foods to qualify as organic, they have to pass through US standards.The USDA, which stands for the United States Department of Agriculture, is an accredited agency that assures the products are organic so they fulfill the qualifications of the National Organic Program (Chen16). The qualifications include that the ingredients that are added to organic foods music be at least 95% organically produced. If they are 70% organically produced then they ha ve to say â€Å"made with organic ingredients. † Anything below 70% cannot be sealed by the USDA (United States Department of Agriculture 21); however there are many problems whether or not these products are really organic. One of the common isconceptions is that most consumers believe that by purchasing organic foods, they are supporting small farm owners but that is not the case. Michael J. Potter, founder of Eden Foods, is one of the last remaining men left in the organic industry, meaning that his company is one of the last remaining independent industries along with a few others that are not affiliated with the big businesses (Strom). Some of the biggest organic industries for example, Bear Naked, Wholesome & Hearty, and Kashi are owned by the big corporations which include Coca-Cola, General Mills, Kraft, and many others (Strom).What is worse is that these corporations have complete control of these organic industries and many consumers are unaware of the ultimate powe r these corporations obtain. For example, Potter attended a meeting in Albuquerque to decide along with the big corporations of both organic and non-organic to decide upon which ingredients from the farm, should be allowed to be included in organic foods since some ingredients did not look fresh. Carrageen, a seaweed-derived thickener with a somewhat controversial health (Strom), was one of the main ingredients to be decided whether it should be on organic foods or not.Potter voted it down, but since most of the people in the meeting were from big corporations, they decided that Carrageen should be added to organic foods thus winning (Strom). Not only does this prove that the organic industry is corrupted but as well as demonstrating that they have no interest in keeping the integrity and value of organic foods since these companies decide to associate with the big corporations. In addition, the increase in the number of corporate board members has caused for more non organic ingred ients to be added to organic foods which will then be processed and sealed by the certified USDA (Strom).Corruption indeed lies within the organic industry; therefore, the best thing to do if consumers want to continue to purchase organic foods is to buy either from farmers markets or from Eden, Cliff Bar & Company, Amy’s Kitchen, Lundberg, Family Farms and other independent organic companies whom still remain true to organic (Strom). Another common misconception of organic foods is that most consumers believe that organic foods are better and healthier to consume. Even if they have to pay double the price for it, they will continue to purchase it as long as the foods are labeled as certified organic.But is it really worth the price? According to a recent study of this year by a research team in Stanford University, they have concluded that there is no strong evidence that proves organic foods are healthier or carry fewer health risks than non-organic foods (Brandt). This stu dy immediately brought the attention of many consumers who purchase organic foods and many refused to believe that this study is true although other studies even before Stanford have also concluded that there is no difference; however, Smith-Spangler, another member of Stanford’s research team, noted some differences between organic and non-organics.He noted that, â€Å" We did not find strong evidence that organic foods are consistently more nutritious than conventional foods, [but]the exception was for levels of phosphorus, which were higher in organically grown produce organically grown food† but â€Å"those differences are not likely to be of any health significance†(Mestel).Other minor differences were that organic eggs and chicken contained higher levels of omega-3 fatty acids but Smith explains as well that, â€Å"the data are scant and quite variable† (Mestel) There is only a little amount present of nutrients in organic foods than conventional fo ods so why do consumers continue to purchase organic foods despite all the studies that have been shown? Most conventional foods like eggs have a higher of being contaminated with bacteria like the most common one salmonella.Salmonella can be contaminated when animals are being confined into very tight places and therefore the bacteria can be spread faster (Kluger). This is the reason why consumers want to avoid conventional foods; however, that does not mean that organic foods can’t be contaminated. According to studies in Holland, Denmark, and Austria a bacterium called Campylobacter was found in all organic chickens and a third of conventional flocks despite being vaccinated against it while 72 percent of organic chickens were infected with parasites.With all these infections occurring, both organic and non-organic chickens can come in contact and spread the infection if processed in the same production line (Johnston 26). Consumers should not be assuming that the risk of organic foods getting contaminated is low. Both conventional and organic foods have the same risks of getting infected with some type of infection. Organic foods causing less damage to the environment is another misconception that consumers buy into. For example, Starbucks decided that the milk they usually use to make their famous drinks with will no longer be sing milk that contains RbGH, which is a hormone given to cows so they produce more milk. Instead they will be purchasing milk that contains no RbGH which comes from milked cows. Subsequently, milking cows’ causes 80% of more land to be cultivated with fossil fuel burning factors, 20% capacity of global warming risks, and a 70% contribution to acid rain; in addition, cows that are milked tend to burp a great amount of methane which is a more powerful greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide (Avner, Johnston 24).So farmers will be milking thousands of cows for the thousands of consumers who purchase Starbucks. Not to mention thousands of more that buy organic milk in stores. For the most part, milking cows is not only inefficient to feed thousands of organic consumers, but can lead to drastic repercussions that add up to more damage for Mother Earth; however, Earthbound, which is a similar to the Whole Foods business, comments that, â€Å"its farming techniques annually obviate the use of more than quarter of a million pounds of toxic chemical pesticides and almost 8. million pounds of synthetic fertilizers† (Shapin). Still, the farming techniques used by most organic farmers and industries is less efficient since they do not utilize the latest technology and they have to rely on man-made resources such as fuel and land to get the job done(Avner). Plus, Michael Pollan, author of The Omnivore’s Dilemma: Natural History of Four Meals, quotes a scientist at Cornell University that, â€Å"growing, processing, and shipping one calorie’s worth of arugula[plant] to the East Coast costs fi fty-seven calories of fossil fuel†(Shapin).Recalling that more land means more burning fossil fuel tractors so in the end, organic farming will redo the damage rather than taking the steps to reduce environmental damage by using organic methods. In regards to whether organic foods contain pesticides, many consumers easily believe that they are pesticide free. Organic trading groups such as The Soil Association claim and spread this misconception so unfortunately, consumers do not know that some infections can actually occur.According to Stanley Feldman, a medical professor and the author of several textbooks including Scientific Foundations of Anesthesia, mentions that most infections are caused by natural bacteria which can come from organic fertilizers (37). In order to kill the bacteria, organic farmer apply a pesticide of copper to kill the fungal diseases; however the pesticide copper remains in the soil for a long time filled with toxins (Johnston 25). Feldman then adds to this that â€Å"If a fungicide is not used and the ergot fungus infects cereal crops, then the unsuspecting organic consumer may end up with gangrene of fingers and toes (37).This clearly shows that organic foods can harm consumers because of the use of organic fertilizers. Furthermore, advocates of organic believe as well that natural occurring substances such as sulphur and copper based compounds are less harmful than the use of chemical based pesticides (Feldman 39). On the contrary, these natural compounds can be just as poisonous as chemical based pesticides. Paracelsus, a German-Swiss doctor and chemist that lived from 1483-1551, reasons that, â€Å"nothing is without poison; it is the dose alone that makes it so† (Feldman 39).Even though pesticides in conventional foods has caused more birth defects and illnesses, this only applies when consumed in high a dose which is exactly what Paracelsus pointed out. Studies have shown that the small traces of pesticides lefto ver in conventional food have not shown to multiply with the body thus failing to demonstrate as a cause of a medical condition. Besides, pesticide levels are kept in level that will assure no harm for consumers and the small accumulations of pesticides that build in the body have not shown to cause any severe poison for consumers (Feldman 39).On the contrary, the use of pesticides has played a role in the past 50 years, increasing the life span of a human for up to 7 years (Ellison 71). Pesticides may not be added to organic foods as much as conventional foods, but it and can still cause some harm to consumers. Despite all studies done for organic foods, consumers will continue to believe that organic foods are healthy, grown locally, environmentally friendly, and free of pesticides.Although these studies are not meant for consumers to stop purchasing organic foods, it is necessary for them to become more aware of the underlying facts instead of having mere misconceptions of the tr uth. The battle to determine whether organic foods are better than convention foods will continue until more evidence is presented. Until then, consumers that support organic will continue to purchase that. So next time consumers, who have obtained knowledge of organic foods, come in contact with an organic produce vs. a non-organic, the choice will be all up to them to decide if it really is worth the extra expense.Work Cited Avner, Jackie. â€Å"Organic Food for Thought Reasons You Should Buy Regular Goods: [Final Edition]. † Http://search. proquest. com. vlibdb. vcccd. edu/. ProQuest LLC, 29 July 2007. Web. 28 Oct. 2012. Brandt, Michelle. â€Å"Little Evidence of Health Benefits from Organic Foods, Stanford Study Finds. † Http://med. stanford. edu. N. p. , 3 Sept. 2012. Web. 1 Nov. 2012. Chen, Katherine J. â€Å"Organic Food: An Overview. † Is Organic Food Better? By Ronald D. Lankford. Detroit: Greenhaven, 2011. 13-18. Print. Ellison, Andrew. â€Å"Organic Food Is Not Worth The Extra Expense. † Is Organic Food Better? By Ronald D.Lankford. Detroit: Greenhaven, 2011. 69-72. Print. Feldman, Stanley. â€Å"Organic Fertilizers Pose More Health Risks than Pesticides. † Is Organic Food Better? By Ronald D. Lankford. Detroit: Greenhaven, 2011. 35-43. Print. Johnston, Rob. â€Å"Consumers Should Not Support Organic Foods. † Is Organic Food Better? By Ronald D. Lankford. Detroit: Greenhaven, 2011. 23-28. Print. Kluger, Jeffrey. â€Å"Health Checkup: Who Needs Organic Food? † Time. Time, 18 Aug. 2010. Web. 01 Nov. 2012. Mestel, Rosie. â€Å"Organic Food — Better for You or Not? A Study Takes a Look. † Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times, 03 Sept. 2012.Web. 01 Nov. 2012. Shapin, Steven. â€Å"Organic Food and Farming Has Drawbacks. † The Local Food Movement. Amy Francis. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2010. At Issue. Rpt. from â€Å"Paradise Sold: What Are You Buying When You Buy Organic? † The New Yorker 82 (15 May 2006). Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 7 Nov. 2012. Strom, Stephanie. â€Å"Has ‘Organic' Been Oversized? † The New York Times. The New York Times, 08 July 2012. Web. 01 Nov. 2012. United States Department of Agriculture. â€Å"National Standards for Organic Food. † Is Organic Food Better? By Ronald D. Lankford. Detroit: Greenhaven, 2011. 19-22. Print.

Colonial Differences from North to South Essay

During the 1700’s, many colonies began to show their true differences with one another. Although the colonies were settled by English origin only, the regions became two distinct societies within years. Of the colonies, the Chesapeake and the New England region were strongly diverse. The Chesapeake and the New England regions differed in the 1700’s because of religious debates that had occurred, different motives that were placed when going to the New World, and the different economies that had developed within the colonies. First, religious debates became a huge distinguishing factor in the two regions. During the 1700’s, Maryland was considered to be a Catholic Haven in the Chesapeake region. Founded by Lord Baltimore in 1634, Maryland quickly became the rescue place for Catholic-English men and women whom faced execution from Protestant England. Faced with death, the Catholics of Maryland stood behind the Act of Toleration that was passed in 1649. In John Winthrop’s document, â€Å"A model of Christian Charity†, he describes how each man needs to come together for religion. God Almighty in his most holy and wise providence hath so disposed of the condition of mankind†¦ we must knot together in this work as one man. †(Document A). In Maryland’s Act of Toleration, the statute guaranteed all toleration to Christians. With the act, Maryland could be Catholic without a word being said. Unlike Maryland, The New England region had nothing to hide with religion. New England was mainly Puritan, spanning out of Calvinism. Predestination and â€Å"visible saints† were just two of many popular phrases used in the Puritan religion. Puritans believed in being predestined for heaven or hell when a said person was born. Also, Puritans had the decision to be Separatists and Non-Separatists. Many Puritans were Non-Separatists, meaning they wanted to reform the Church of England but not completely break away from it. Along with Non-Separatists, Separatists were also common. Separatists were groups of people that wanted to completely break away from the Church of England. One of the most famous groups of Separatists was the Pilgrims. In the end, the colonies were very different religion and the differences in religion molded America’s freedom of religion. Next, another factor that made the two regions different, were the motives that were placed going to the olonies. In the Chesapeake region, the Virginia Company was immediately put in place when they had arrived in Virginia. The Virginia Company was a joint stock company that had one motive in America; gold. After the defeat of the Spanish Armada, England was craving for outside profit and America was the answer. In John Smith’s document about Virginia, he describes what life was like revolving around gold. â€Å"There was no talk, but dig gold, wash gold, refine gold, load gold. † (Document F). Although the gold process was almost a complete disaster within Jamestown, the colony became the first permanent settlement. But, in the New England region, the English men and women were migrating to the New World for completely different reasons. First, the Separatists of England that were living in Holland to avoid royal English rule, departed to America. The Separatists, later known as Pilgrims, set off on the Mayflower. The original plan was to land off of the coast of Virginia. However, the Mayflower eventually made land fall in the New England region. Living off the land and poor, the Pilgrims became friends with local Native Americans and later, made their own government and set the foundation for the New England colony. After the Massachusetts Bay colony was formed, the main motive of the colony was to build it full of life and families. As quoted in the â€Å"Articles of Agreement†, â€Å"2. We intend that our town shall be composed of forty families, rich and poor. † (Document D). Known as the â€Å"Great Migration†, around twenty thousand Puritans migrated to the New England region from England. John Porter created a large list of Emigrants that were bound for New England. A family decided to migrate and John Porter recorded it: â€Å"1. Joseph Hull, of Somerset, a minister, aged 40 years old. 2. Agnes Hull, his wife, aged 25 years. . Joan Hull, his daughter, aged 15 years old. Etc. † (Document B). Many young families migrated from England to receive freedom of religion and break away from the clutches of royal England. Between gold, religious freedom and the â€Å"Great Migration†, the New England and Chesapeake had many different reasons for migrating to the New World. Lastly, the two regions became two separate worlds when economies began to develop. The Chesapeake region was known for one thing, and that was tobacco. Tobacco was vital to the colony’s economic foundations. A rich man’s crop, tobacco was very labor-demanding. When indentured servants rebelled, African slaves were put to use and the Chesapeake became home to slaves. As well as labor, tobacco sparked plantations and the need for land. When slaves were imported, this became the splitting factor between the north and south. However, New England, with its’ cooler falls and winters, could never plant tobacco, especially with the historic New England â€Å"stony† soil. The â€Å"stony† soil prevented any farmers from successfully planting a lot of plants. New England’s economy thrived on shipbuilding, fishing, commerce and trading. The region also contained dense forests, helping the shipbuilding industry skyrocket. Also, the economy was very organized and everything affected it. In the document of â€Å"Wage and Price Regulations in Connecticut†, they discuss the prices and wages being regulated so that the people of the colony can understand their religious callings. â€Å".. in the interim recommends that all tradesmen and laborers consider the religious end of their callings which is that receiving such moderate profit as may enable them to serve God and their neighbors with their arts and trades comfortably.. †. (Document E). In the New England colony, everything was interconnected, including religion, economy and politics. The Chesapeake’s hot, humid weather enabled the farms to grow tobacco to form their economy. But, New England’s cooler weather enabled their workers to focus on shipbuilding, trading, and even religion. In conclusion, the two regions faced many differences within their cultures when compared. Their religions, motives, and economies were a few of the distinguishing factors. As the colonies prospered in their own individual ways, the differences grew larger and became two different societies.

Center for Writing Excellence Scavenger Hunt

Submit your responses to the following questions: (HINT: Refer to the Reference and Citation Examples documdented in the Tutorials and Guides section, as well as the Sample Paper and the Library link. ) If more than one author is listed, must all authors be listed in the citation? Yes Is the author’s full name used in the References page entry? No If no year is listed for an in-text citation, what should be listed? (n. d. ) What is the minimum information needed for an in-text citation? Last name and year What abbreviations are used before page (if listed) in an in-text citation? . or pp. What is used for the author’s name in the in-text citation if the article’s author is not listed as â€Å"anonymous† or at all? Name the group authors On the References page, what words of an article or book title are capitalized? First word, proper nouns, and the first word after colon or dash What U. S. cities do not require a state when listed on the References page? B altimore, Boston, Chicago, New York, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, San Francisco Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, New York, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, San Francisco Are quotation marks used for titles of articles in the sources listed on the References page? No How is the state abbreviated for the publisher’s location on the References page? The First and Last letter of the state and capitalized Are any sources listed in the References page italicized instead of underlined? Yes If the full title of your essay is â€Å"The Paragraph and You: A Study of Organization,† in how many places of the document would the full title be listed? All pages since under 50 characters How far from the top of the page is the header? Half inch†¦ What is the suggested length of an abstract? What point size is preferred for the font at the University of Phoenix? What is the preferred spacing in a document? Are there any extra spaces between paragraphs of a paper? How are personal interviews or e-mails listed when cited in a paper? Should the Web address for retrieving an article in an electronic database be listed in the reference? How do you get to the Center for Writing Excellence? Here’s something fun—go to the list of common English errors and indicate what the difference is between â€Å"flaunt† and â€Å"flout. Check out the section that provides tips on Microsoft ® software and indicate how you insert headers and footers in a Word ® document. How do you add a button to your Microsoft ® Office ® Toolbar? Category Button Description Edit Replace Allows you to find and replace one bit of text with another. For instance, if you spelled someone’s name â€Å"Charla† throughout your paper and then found out it was really supposed to be â€Å"Sharla,† you could enter these values and the replace tool would change them all for you. View Ruler Turns the ruler on and off. Header and Footer Allows you to enter information into the Header and Footer areas. Fit to Window Stretches your paper to fit the viewing area. Depending on your computer’s screen settings, this sometimes makes things easier to see. Normal Switches to the Normal view. Print Layout Switches to the Print Layout view. Insert Page Break Adds a page break to your paper at the point where your cursor is. Page Number Inserts a page number into your document (useful in the header). Symbol Adds symbols not available on your keyboard. Some useful examples are the em dash (—), the copyright mark ( ©), all of the accented letters you could ever want (Useful if your name is â€Å"Renee†), and several f r a c t i o n s ( ^! ) . F o r m a t A l i g n L e f t L e f t j u s t i f i e s t h e t e x t o f w h i c h e v e r p a r a g r a p h y o u r c u r s o r i s i n . C e n t e r C e n t e r s t h e t e x t o f w h i c h e v e r p a r a g r a p h y o u r c u r s o r i s i n . A l i g n R i g h t R i g h t j u s t i f i e s t h e t e x t o f w h i c h e v e r p a r a g r a p h y o u r c u r s o r i s i n . D o u b l e Spacing Double-spaces whichever paragraph your cursor is in. How do you add a button to your Microsoft ® Word ® Toolbar for Office 2007? How do you submit a paper to the Center for Writing Excellence? What leeway do you need if your paper is due next class? Factor in a day or two for revisions and then determine the last possible day you can submit the paper for review. What are the three major databases that you can access at the University of Phoenix’s Online Library? How can you obtain assistance in looking for something in the Online Library collection? What is plagiarism? When you are citing a directly quoted, word-for-word source in a paper, do you use quotation marks? Describe the spacing after punctuation the University of Phoenix requires in written assignments. Which fonts are acceptable for use for assignments submitted at the University of Phoenix? If you are stumped by a grammar question and cannot find the answer, where can you go to get an answer?

Discuss the Role of Benjamin and the Sheep in Animal Farm

Discuss the role of Benjamin and the Sheep. In the novel ‘Animal Farm’ written by George Orwell both Benjamin the donkey and the sheep are introduced on page two, â€Å"Benjamin was the oldest animal on the farm, and the worst tempered† and â€Å"the sheep and cows lay down behind the pigs. † This is the first introduction of the animals on the farm and it immediately gives the reader an indication about how important they will be in the novel as the sheep have not even been described all the reader knows is where they lay and gives the reader an idea on their status compared to the other animals.Benjamin’s next appearance is on page eighteen when he expresses his attitude towards the rebellion, â€Å"about the rebellion and its results he would express no opinion†. This tells the audience that Benjamin is a bad â€Å"tempered† character but not this it hints to the reader that he has a pessimistic attitude towards life. Benjamin is ver y important in terms of his opinions towards the rebellion as he helps to foreshadow the rebellion reverting backwards as â€Å"donkeys live a long time. † This tells the reader that he has seen it all happen before and that nothing every stays right for long.Despite Benjamin being a miserable character, he still fought in the batter of the cowshed, â€Å"Snowball now launched his second line of attack. Muriel, Benjamin and all the sheep†. This shows how Benjamin just does what he is told, and that he isn't an argumentative character this could be because of his cynic attitude as he knows everything is going to go wrong anyway because â€Å"donkeys live a long time†. This helps the audience to question whether or not the rebellion will be successful or not as Benjamin is always used to help lower the optimism of the animals throughout the book.Benjamin and the sheep show a good contrast as they are both very similar in the ways that they are controlled and order ed. However the sheep do not have the knowledge which Benjamin knows as they have not seen things come and go. The sheep are in the same line of attack as Benjamin and I think this shows that the animals in this line of attack are very similar. This infers to the reader that if the rebellion was to revert backwards they would all be equally powerless and hopeless.Benjamin’s cynic attitude is maintained throughout the novel and is again shown to be a miserable character, â€Å"only old Benjamin refused to grow enthusiastic about the windmill, though as usual, he would utter nothing beyond a cryptic remark that donkeys live a long time†. This was said on page forty three and it reminds the reader about the possibility of the windmill going wrong and this is playing a big role in the prefiguring of the windmill failing to be built successfully as he has seen many things go wrong in his lifetime.Even thought Benjamin is the â€Å"worst tempered† animal on the farm h e still shows a lot of affection towards Boxer, â€Å"without openly admitting it, he was devoted to Boxer. † This was said in his character description on page two and it helps to show Benjamin as a human and it makes the audience think about him in society and the impact that he has. By looking at him like this we are able to start to understand the lack of power these animals have compared to the other human beings in society.This plays a huge role in our understanding of status and higherarky around the farm as we are able to interpret the farm animals as human beings. Benjamin is character that does not like to get involve because he knows something is always going to go wrong, â€Å"Clover asked Benjamin to read her the sixth commandment, and when Benjamin, as usual, said that he refused to meddle in such matters. † This was said on page fifty-six and it shows Benjamin’s pessimistic attitude as he does not want to take any interest into what is going on ar ound him as he knows what is eventually going to happen through his life experiences.Benjamin can sometimes come across as a smug character due to his knowledge and this helps to reinforce to the reader that things are not going to work out on the farm, â€Å"slowly, and with an air almost of amusement, Benjamin nodded his long muzzle†. The word â€Å"amusement† portrays Benjamin to be smug at this moment in the book because he knew that the windmill was going to go wrong. This makes the audience think that every cynical statement that Benjamin says it likely to be true making his function very important as it helps the reader to understand what is going to happen in the following chapters.Benjamin is also seen again on page sixty-eight and we know again that something is going to go wrong again, â€Å"except old Benjamin, who nodded his muzzle with a knowing air, and seemed to understand, but would say nothing. † The reader is now starting to see a trend in Ben jamin’s senses, â€Å"with an air almost of amusement† and â€Å"with a knowing air† (page 68) these very similar sentences tell the reader that Benjamin could see all of this happening and that he knew everything was going to go wrong. The role of Benjamin is to help prefigure what is going o happen, so when he urges boxer to slow down on page sixty-nine, â€Å"Benjamin urged Boxer to work less hard† the reader knows straight away that Boxer is going to get seriously hurt. This is very shocking for the reader because his death is prefigured on page five, â€Å"Boxer, the very day that those great muscles of yours lose their power, Jones will sell you to the knacker. † This shows how close Benjamin and Boxer are but also prefigures the death of Boxer which is done using the knowledge which boxer has retained from his long life.Benjamin has a family like relationship with Boxer, â€Å"Benjamin, who lay down at Boxer’s side, and, without spea king, kept the flies off him with his long tail. † On page seventy-five audience see Benjamin showing his compassion towards Boxer and it helps use see Benjamin as a real person and this plays a big role in how we feel when we read on as when Boxer does get taken away to the knackers we see Benjamin and Boxer as people and it makes it more distressing and more heart breaking for the reader. After Boxer’s death Benjamin becomes more miserable and quiet and his attitude gets worse, â€Å"more morose and taciturn than ever. (page 80) Suddenly Benjamin has become even more cynical possibly because life has got worse than he expected. Benjamin’s role in the novel is to now express the lack of hope there is on the farm especially as Boxer was symbolic of hope and now all hope has gone Benjamin is there to symbolise that to the audience so they are able to understand how bad things are getting on the farm. Benjamin plays a big role on page eighty-four when he reads out the last broken commandment for Clover, â€Å"for once Benjamin consented to break his rule and he read out to her what was written on the wall. This is very striking because Benjamin knew that â€Å"some animals are more equal than others† all along and it is very upsetting for the reader as all hope is lost for the animals and all the animals know that now through the breaking and changing of the commandments. The sheep are used to heckle other farm animals so that it is impossible for any opinions to be raised. The sheep are often heard when Squealer is talking to the other farm animals about changes which have taken place on the farm, â€Å"of late the sheep had taken to bleating ‘four legs good, two legs bad’ both in and out of season†.The sheep are very easily manipulated because of their lack of intelligence and Napoleon was keep to take advantage of this to use it in his favour so Snowball would get interrupted during his speeches, â€Å"especia lly liable to break into ‘four legs good, two legs bad’ at the crucial moments in Snowball’s speeches. † This was due to Napoleon training them like he did with the dogs. The role of the sheep is to interrupt Snowball so that Napoleon is able to get his own way. The sheep have little knowledge and power on the farm which is why they are the animals to be manipulated to work in Napoleons favour.On Pages twenty-nine, thirty-two, thirty-four and forty the sheep either interrupt Snowball whilst he is talking, â€Å"occasionally interrupted by bleating from the sheep† or they are heard to prevent any discussion developing so that Napoleon is able to get his way, â€Å"tremendous bleating of ’four legs good, two legs bad’ which went on for nearly a quarter of an hour which out an end to any chance of discussion†. The sheep are used to stop the farm animals from asking any questions which could possibly cause the rebellion to progress t his allows Napoleon to take charge and to take what the animals work for without questions.The sheep are also potentially used to scare the other farm animals, because the sheep are very easily manipulated it is quite possible that Napoleon had forced them to confess to a crime which that had committed, â€Å"then a sheep confessed to having urinated in the drinking pool – urged to do this, so she said† (page 53). More sheep continued to confess to various crimes and their role is to sacrifice themselves so that the other farm animals would be too scared to stir up a rebellion against Napoleon.The sheep are seen again on page fifty-six carrying out the same role of heckling so that the other animals do not get a chance to protest, â€Å"some of the animals might possibly have protested, but at this moment the sheep set up with their usual bleating of ‘four legs good, two legs bad’†. This ensured that Napoleons decision of the abolishment of ‘B eats of England’ did not get argued against as the moment which they could have possibly said anything had already passed.This role which the sheep undertake is very important in terms of the rebellion reverting backwards as if they didn’t interrupt the positive ideas the Snowball came up with they could be living better lives. Not only this but if they didn’t bleat out ‘four legs good, two legs bad’ after Napoleon makes a change the animals may have been able to rebel to Napoleon’s ideas resulting in a better life for the farm animals. The sheep are very easily manipulated and when they get taken away by squealer on page eighty-three we know something bad is going to happen, â€Å"squealer ordered the sheep to follow him†.We know something bad is going to happen as Napoleon did the same thing with the young puppies from Jessie and Bluebell. The sheep had been taken to convince the other farm animals that walking on two legs was good, â€Å"four legs good, two legs better†. This shows how the pigs are better than the farm animals as they are now walking on their â€Å"hind legs†. The sheep repeat this so much that the animals do not get a chance to protest, â€Å"it went on for five minutes without stopping. And by the time the sheep had quieted down, the chance to utter any protest had passed. This is the sheep’s’ main role so that the pigs are able to do what they want without the other animals protesting allowing the rebellion to revert further and further backwards. Overall, the main role of Benjamin is to prefigure the failure of the rebellion through his pessimistic attitude and through his life experiences as donkeys live a long time. And the sheep are used to help manipulated the animals into thinking that what the pigs are doing is a good thing but also to prevent them from protesting so that the pigs are able to maintain their power and carry on doing what they want like a d ictator would.