Industrialization and Appalachia Essay Example for Free

Industrialization and Appalachia Essay Industrialization and Appalachia The Industrial revolution did not â€Å"skip over† Appalachia but the native mountain people did not benefit from the effects of industrialization and were left in a worse situation. The stereotype of the Appalachian people that was formed prior to the industrialization era was that mountain people were noble, savage, independent, proud, rugged, dirty and uneducated. The industrialists to promote economic development and industrialization of Appalachia used this backward image of the Appalachian people. They believed that the native Appalachian people were incapable of developing the Appalachian Mountains natural resources on their own. However in trying to keep up with the modern world during the industrial revolution the people of Appalachia were doomed to their pre-industrial image. Until the era of industrialization Appalachia was a region of small, open-country communities, concentrated in valleys, coves and hollows. Each community of farms was self-sufficient socially and economically. The focus of a self-sufficient farmer was that of survival by working in their own crops and hunting or raising livestock for food. They tended to have large families to help with all the demands of the farm. After the Civil War northerners came into the southern Appalachian Mountains, and many were surprised by what they found. They found a multitude of mineral and timber wealth as well as a romantic beauty of the mountain landscape. Capitalists responded to this discovery and began to industrialize the Appalachian Mountains for their own profit. Capitalists believed that the Appalachian people were too backward to know that they were sitting on an abundance of resources so they manipulated the mountaineers into selling large amounts of land for basically nothing. As Eller wrote in his book Miners, Millhands and Mountaineers, â€Å"some sold entire mountains for a mule, horse or rifle†. Industrialization depended first upon the building of an adequate transportation system into, out of, and within the mountain regions of the South. The railroad was built and it opened the doors to the full exploitation of the mountains natural resources. Coal and timber extraction were the primary resources that drove the Industrial Revolution in Appalachia. The extraction of these resources required the employment of the Appalachian farmer. The mountaineer left their farms for wage employment  and became dependent on that. The uncontrolled flow of the coal and timber industry took up huge plots of farmland and forced families to move to the mining towns. With the presence of the coal and timber companies in place, the mountaineer could not hope to be more than barely self-sufficient. The area industrialized without developing sufficient infrastructure to sustain itself, dooming the mountain people to poverty. The average mountaineer had been an independent sort of person, running his own farm, raising a family and building his own future. When brought into coal, timber, and textile towns, he was at the mercy of his employer. The mountaineer became totally dependent on his employer and was forced into terrible conditions. Besides this dependence to his employer the mountaineer could not go back to his old home place and farm again because the cutting of timber ruined agriculture. â€Å"One of the most important results of industrialization in Appalachia has been the negative impact it has had on the long-term economic health of the region. None of the industries in Appalachia, and especially not the coal industry, encouraged rival or spin-off economic development during their boom years. The effect has been sporadic economic growth without real economic development† (A Handbook to Appalachia, 15). In Miners, Millhands and Mountaineers, Ellers thesis was that while Appalachia had undergone industrialization, the region itself failed to modernize. He argues that during and after the industrialization process mountain people lost their independence and self-determination of their ancestors, without becoming full participants in the benefits of the modern world. The mountain people found that the growing prosperity had bred greater dependence on the system beyond their control. Worst of all, none of the wealth the industrialists stripped from the mountains remained there. The industrial revolution was not properly development in Appalachia and it left the Appalachian people poor and barely able to care for themselves. So it is obvious that, in trying to keep up with the modern world, the people of Appalachia were doomed to their pre-industrial image or stereotype. Works cited 1. A Handbook to Appalachia, an introduction to the region; edited by Grace Toney Edwards, JoAnn Aust Asbury, Ricky L. Cox Copyright 2006 by the University of Tennessee Pres/Knoxville. 2. Eller, Ronald D. Miners, Millhands and Mountaineers. The University of Tennessee Press, 1982.

Treaty Of Versailles Dbq History Essay

Treaty Of Versailles Dbq History Essay The Treaty of Versailles was a controversial treaty, not only because of what it embodied, but what it took to get the Treaty in motion. The Great War, or World War I, lasted between 1914 and 1918. This war occurred over a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, political alliances between nations, ethnic tensions in Europe, and most of all, the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Austria-Hungary. With the bloody stalemate continuing without any end, the United States still held its position as a neutral world power, but events, such as the sinking of the Lusitania, caused the United States to recant its neutral position to a position in fighting against Germany. The end of World War I officially ended by the signing of the Treaty of Versailles, but wasnt signed by the U.S. Whether this was President Wilsons fault or the Senates fault, has been questioned over the last decade. There were a variety of reasons that the United States did not sign the Treaty of Versailles with the biggest reasons being that the Senate felt that the Treaty embodied ideals and practices, such as joining the League of Nations, which directly contradicted American foreign policy. As seen in Document A, William Borah stated that the League is essentially creating more problems to solve problems. He said that shouldnt we want a League run by Americans who have the same values and ideals rather than delegates from foreign countries? In Document B, it is stated that, â€Å"The Treaty of Versailles†¦it does much to intensify and nothing to heal the old and ugly dissensions.† It was common knowledge and a wide held belief that the United States should remain neutral in foreign matters. The American citizens knew about Washingtons Farewell Address and how it stated that we would stay out of the business of foreign countries. The Treaty of Versailles only created bigger rifts in American society with its controversial policies. Woodrow Wilson, the President at the time, also included that, along with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles, the American public should accept his Fourteen Points. Also seen in Document F, John Maynard Keynes spoke about a certain aspect of the Treaty of Versailles that many people were afraid to talk about; maybe it was because he wrote a book dedicated to his cause. Keynes stated that simply forcing a country to accept a set of reparations and servitudes isnt really creating progress. Document E shows how if any country shows just cause for their actions, that they can then be truly forgiven. These are just the views of the American public and the Legislative Branch (mainly the Senate). But what about the views of Woodrow Wilson, a man who recanted his views of neutrality to that of an active role in war matters? Woodrow Wilson had a lot going for himself when he first took office as the President of the United States. Wilsons postwar plans detailed his Fourteen Points, which were imbued with the ideals of Progressivism, and a permanent League of Nations, which he planned on making the United States join. In an address to Woodrow Wilson, former President Herbert Hoover stated how it would be beneficial to have a League of Nations, even how much better it would be if it got an early ratification (Document D). In a speech by Woodrow Wilson on September 5, 1919, he stated, â€Å"When you read Article X, therefore, you will see that it is nothing but the inevitable, logical center of the whole system of the Covenant of the League of Nations, and I stand for it absolutely† (Document C). Woodrow Wilson wanted a â€Å"real† end to the War; an end that could only come by United States joining the League of Nations in order to fight international problems. In his â€Å"Appeal to the Co untry† on October 3, 1920, Wilson stated, â€Å"The Founders of the Government thought of America as the light of the world as created to lead the world in the assertion of the rights of peoples and the rights of free nations†¦This light the opponents of the League would quench† (Document G). Woodrow Wilson is interpreting certain aspects of historical events to his liking and is attempting to persuade the public to support him in the signing of the Treaty of Versailles. It was also a known fact that Wilson suffered from a variety of illnesses, which many people believed altered his mind, so he eventually lost all support from the public as well as his colleagues in government. With the inauguration of Woodrow Wilson came an era of Progressivism; an era that would be defined by many of his successful and failed attempts in gaining public support for his actions. His most failed attempt was getting the public and government to support his views on passing the Treaty of Versailles, supporting his Fourteen Points, and joining the League of Nations. Many believed that joining the League of Nations would destroy all that this nation stood for, as detailed by George Washington in his Farewell Address. Although the Treaty of Versailles was not passed, which was a fault on both the Senate and Wilsons part, Wilson eventually tried hard to concentrate on problems back at home through certain social programs and his ideology of the â€Å"New Freedom.†

Importance of Sleep in Shakespeares Macbeth Essay -- GCSE English Lit

Macbeth: The Importance of Sleep Macbeth Sleep is a time when our minds are at rest and the subconscious comes out to play. Sleep is oftentimes considered the place where we are able to see into our future and perhaps figure out how to solve our problems. Sleep is also what heals and cures our minds and bodies. Without sleep we slowly begin to disintegrate. Mind and body no longer cooperate without the healing force sleep brings with it. Shakespeare uses sleep both as a reward and as a consequence in his plays. If a character is innocent and pure, he is allowed restful, fulfilling sleep. If the character lacks these traits of goodness, he is condemned to a lifetime of insomnia and other problems. In Shakespeare’s tragedy, Macbeth, the reader can see this idea manifest itself in many different ways. From the beginning, when Macbeth hears the voice to the end of the play when Lady Macbeth sleepwalks, the reader sees many examples of this use of sleep. One first encounters the idea of sleep in Macbeth when the central character, Macbeth, murders the sleeping king. After the murder, Macbeth believes he hears a voice cry out, "Sleep no more†¦ Glamis hath murder'd sleep, and therefore Cawdor shall sleep no more, Macbeth shall sleep no more"(II.ii.58-60)! At this point the reader does not really think much of this warning, assuming it to merely be Macbeth's guilty conscience rather than anything important. But as the signs of the voice's prophecy begin to surface like the symptoms of a disease, Macbeth slowly becomes irrational and ruthless. This is partially due to the, "terr... ...ally 'good' people were changed drastically after sleep was withheld from them. King Duncan and his sons, Malcolm and Donalbain, were considered innocent in this play and therefore they were allowed to sleep. Their sleep was a restful, healing sleep that gave them clear judgment and, in the case of the sons, the will to avenge the wrongful death of their beloved father. For their 'good behaviour' they were able to sleep unhindered. Innocence and purity in a Shakespearean play have rewards attached to them. If a character is good, he is allowed a deep, peaceful, refreshing sleep. If he is evil, he is barred from sleep as a reminder of and a punishment for his wrongdoing. This, in turn, leads to a decline in his mental, emotional and physical well being as is evidenced in Macbeth by the plight of both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth.

Mans Relationship with Nature in Hughes and Wordsworths Poetry Essay

Man's Relationship with Nature in Hughes and Wordsworth's Poetry Concentrating on one Poem by each Poet, Compare and Contrast the ways in which Hughes and Wordsworth Present Man’s Relationship with Nature Both Hughes and Wordsworth have beliefs about man’s relationship with nature, but I feel that they see the relationship between the two in different ways. Hughes has a more pessimistic and negative approach, feeling that nature must protect herself from man’s destructive nature, while Wordsworth believes that nature is a teacher and nurtures you. Wordsworth uses a more optimistic and positive approach in his poetry. Wordsworth sees nature in a romantic and spiritual sense that protects and is constantly feeding and inspiring man’s mind and helping it to grow. On the other hand Hughes sees man as interfering and destructive towards nature and is excluded from its harmony. Hughes personality is much more complicated and hard to deal with, so to speak, than Wordsworth’s; this is reflected in his attitude towards nature because he thinks that nature is a violent and brutal enemy towards man and even itself. From this you can tell that he is quite a brooding and depressive man. I have chosen to compare ‘Work and Play’ by Hughes and by Wordsworth I have chosen ‘Expostulation and Reply’ and ‘The Tables Turned’ which are poems on the same subject but ‘The Tables Turned’ is set later on in the day and is the ‘Companion-Piece’ to ‘Expostulation and Reply’. I chose to study these two poems because I think that it is very interesting how the beliefs of Hughes and Wordsworth are presented, showing that they both have an admiration for the beauty of nature and its power, and how Hughes believes that in comparison m... ... the relationship between man and nature. This is because Wordsworth lived in a period in time that was called the romantic era, this is reflected in his views and the ways he writes as a poet. Whereas Hughes who lived in the 20th century, had quite different views about man’s relationship with nature. I think that this is because the period of time that you live in influences you very heavily in the way you write or express anything. This is because public attitudes change along with what is accepted and what is not, or what the public will find most popular. I think that if Hughes had lived in Wordsworth’s time his style of writing would not have been as popular as it is today, this is because Hughes style of writing has a more dramatic and dark edge to it whilst Wordsworth’s poetry is more romantic so to speak and has a gentler way of putting things.

Pyramids :: Symbolism History Spirit Essays Research

Pyramids The image of the pyramid with the sun shinning behind it was taken from a 1996 brochure advertising a weekend seminar with Robert Kirby, an international speaker and author. Kirby's weekend seminar is titled "Manifesting Your Life - Purpose, Prosperity and Abundance." His self proclaimed fields of expertise include Corporate Negotiation, Accelerated Learning, Transformational Psychology, Kinesiology, Emotional-Spiritual Revitalism, and Energy Field Research, among others. The brochure states, "Newly researched evidence now permits you to unleash enormous latent creative capabilities through your body's dynamic electrical energy field." Robert Kirby is one of the many people currently making a living utilizing information associated with the new age spiritual movement. The new age spiritual movement is a very broad ideological umbrella covering the terminology Kirby uses, and much more. The new age movement seems to signal above all, an interest in the mind-body-spirit connection. People are pursuing the idea that the knowledge is within each individual to unite the physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual aspects of themselves to create wholeness. The pyramid seems to have been adopted as a powerful symbol for these ideas. The pyramid of the 90's is a spiritual icon for health, power, abundance, and purpose. In our country riddled by me ntal and physical health-care crisis's, where traditional western medicine clearly lacks answers, the spiritual movement is becoming increasingly wide spread, and the pyramid carries the message. The pyramid symbol carries the traditional coding of the spiritual trinity. Each side of a pyramid is a triangle and the triangle stands for the trinity of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. The new age trinity is a somewhat different way of looking at the traditional religious trinity ideology. The difference is in the extension of the definition. The trinity in this case is the father (spirit), mother (matter), and son (consciousness, Christ). Interaction of father spirit, with matter (mother), creates the son. The belief is that this is true of everything that exists - - all life is formed within that trinity. So ultimately the pyramid is the symbol of creation, and the symbol of God. The new age spiritual movement of the 1990's definitely includes the notion that individuals have access t o God. Interestingly enough, the meaning of the pyramid in the 1990's is not that far removed from the meaning of the original pyramids of Giza. When first looking at the two images and deciding exactly what each represents, it seems at first as if the entire meaning of the original structure is lost in today's use; however, there is a connection of meaning on a deeper level on close examination.

Production System

Production systems What is a production system? An apparel production system is an integration of material handling production process, personnel and the equipment that directs work flow and generates finished products. Different types of production systems are †¢ Progressive bundle system †¢ Unit production system †¢ Modular production system Each system requires an appropriate management philosophy, materials handling methods, floor layout, and Employee training. Firms may combine or adapt these systems to meet their specific production needs.Firms may use only one system, a combination of systems for one Product line, or different systems for different product lines in the same plant. Progressive Bundle System The progressive bundle system (PBS) gets its name from the bundles of garment parts that are moved sequentially from operation to operation. This system, often referred to as the traditional production system, has been widely used by apparel manufacturers for several decades and still is today. The expert says that use of bundle systems would decrease as firms seek more flexibility in their production systems [pic]Work flow in progressive bundle system Bundles consist of garment parts needed to complete a specific operation or garment component. For example, an operation bundle for pocket setting might include shirt fronts and pockets that are to be attached. Bundle sizes may range from two to a hundred parts. Some firms operate with a standard bundle size, while other firms vary bundle sizes according to cutting orders, fabric shading, size of the pieces in the bundle, and the operation that is to be completed. Bundles are assembled in the cutting room where cut parts are matched up with corresponding parts and bundle tickets.Bundles of cut parts are transported to the sewing room and given to the operator scheduled to complete the operation. One operator is expected to perform the same operation on all the pieces in the bundle, retie t he bundle, process coupon, and set it aside until it is picked up and moved to the next operation. A progressive bundle system may require a high volume of work in process cause of the number of units in the bundles and the large buffer of backup that is needed to ensure a continuous work flow for all operators. [pic] The progressive bundle systemThe progressive bundle system may be used with a skill center or line layout depending on the order that bundles are advanced through production. Each style may have different processing requirements and thus different routing. Routing identifies basic operations, sequence of production, and the skill centers where those operations are to be performed. Some operations are common to many styles, and at those operations, work may build up waiting to be processed. Advantages and disadvantages of using progressive bundle system AdvantagesThe success of a bundle system may depend on how the system is set up and used in a plant. This system may a llow better utilization of specialized machines, as output from one special purpose automated machine may be able to supply several operators for the next operation. Small bundles allow faster throughput unless there are bottlenecks and extensive waiting between operations. Disadvantages: The progressive bundle system is driven by cost efficiency for individual operations. Operators perform the same operation on a continuing basis, which allows them to increase their speed and productivity.Operators who are compensated by piece rates become extremely efficient at one operation and may not be willing to learn a new operation because it reduces their efficiency and earnings. Individual operators that work in a progressive bundle system are independent of other operators and the final product. Slow processing, absenteeism, and equipment failure may also cause major bottlenecks within the system. Large quantities of work in process are often characteristic of this type of production sys tem.This may lead to longer throughput time, poor quality concealed by bundles, large inventory, extra handling, and difficulty in controlling inventory Unit production system A unit production system (UPS) is a type of line layout that uses an overhead transporter system to move garment components from work station to work station for Assembly [pic] Work flow of unit production All the parts for a single garment are advanced through the production line together by means of a hanging carrier that travels along an overhead conveyor.The overhead rail system consists of the main conveyor and accumulating rails for each work station. The overhead conveyor operates much like a railroad track. Carriers are moved along the main conveyor and switched to an accumulating rail at the work station where an operation is to be performed. At the completion of an operation the operator presses a button, and the carrier moves on to the next operation. Most unit production systems are linked to a com puter control center that routes and tracks production and provides up-to-the-minute data for management decisions. The utomatic control of work flow sorts work, balances the line, and reduces claims of favouritism in bundle distribution. Electronic data collection provides payroll and inventory data, immediate tracking of styles, and costing and performance data for prompt decisions. Processing begins at a staging area in the sewing room. Cut parts for one unit of a single style are grouped and loaded directly from the staging area to a hanging carrier. Loading is carefully planned so minimal handling is required to deliver garment parts in precisely the order and manner that they will be sewn.When possible, operations are completed without removing the parts from the carrier. Varied sizes and types of hanging carriers are available for different types of products. Automated materials handling replaces the traditional system of bundling, tying and untying, and manually moving garme nt parts. Unit production systems eliminate most of the lifting and turning needed to handle bundles and garment parts. The need for bundle tickets and processing operator coupons is also eliminated when an integrated computer system monitors the work of each operator.Individual bar codes or electronic devices are embedded in the carriers and read by a bar code scanner at each workstation and control points. Any data that are needed for sorting and processing such as style number, color shade, and lot can be included. Integrated systems have on-line terminals located at each work station to collect data on each operation. Each operator may advance completed units, reroute units that need repair or processing to a different station, and check their efficiencies and earnings Operator may signal for more inventory or call for a supervisor if assistance is needed.The terminals at each station enables central control center to track each unit at any given moment and provide management wi th data to make immediate decisions on routing and scheduling. Operators of the UPS control center can determine sequences of orders and colors to keep operators supplied with work and to minimize change in equipment, operations, and thread colors. A unit production system can control multiple routes and simultaneous production of multiple styles without restructuring production lines. The control center may perform routing and automatic balancing of work flow, which reduces bottlenecks and work stoppages.Each operator as well as the control center is able to monitor individual work history. individual unit, number of units completed, the operator who worked on each unit, and the piece rate earned for each unit. The system will calculate the earnings per hour, per day, and the efficiency rate of each operator. Advantages: Benefits of a unit production system depend on how a system is used and the effectiveness of management. Throughput time in the sewing room can be drastically redu ced when compared to the progressive bundle system because works in process levels are reduced.Operator productivity increases. Direct labor costs are reduced because of propositioned parts in the carriers and elimination of bundle processing. Indirect labor costs may be reduced by elimination of bundle handling and requiring fewer supervisors. Quality is improved because of accountability of all operators and immediate visibility of problems that are no longer concealed in bundles for extended periods of time. The central control system makes it possible to immediately track a quality problem to the operator that completed the operation.Other benefits that are realized are improved attendance and employee turnover and reduced space utilization. Disadvantages: Considerations for installing a UPS include costs of buying equipment, cost of installing, specialized training for the system, and prevention of downtime. Down time is a potential problem with any of the systems, but the low work in process that is maintained makes UPS especially vulnerable. Modular Production System A modular production system is a contained, manageable work unit that includes an empowered work team, equipment, and work to be executed.Modules frequently operate as minifactories with teams responsible for group goals and self-management. The number of teams in a plant varies with the size and needs of the firm and product line. Teams can have a niche function as long as there are orders for that type of product, but the success of this type of operation is in the flexibility of being able to produce a wide variety of products in small quantities. The numbers of employees on a team, usually 4 to 15, vary with the product mix. A general rule of thumb is to determine the average number of operations required for a style being produced and divide by three.Team members cross-trained and interchangeable among tasks within the group. Incentive compensation is based on group pay and bonuses for meeting team goals for output and quality. Individual incentive compensation is not appropriate for team-based production. Teams may be used to perform all the operations or a certain portion of the assembly operations depending on the organization of the module and processes required. Before a firm can establish a modular production system, it must prioritize its goals and make decisions that reflect the needs of the firm.With a team-based system operators are given the responsibility for operating their module to meet goals for throughput and quality. The team is responsible for maintaining a smooth work flow, meeting production goals, maintaining a specified quality level, and handling motivational support for the team. Team members develop an interdependency to improve the process and accomplish their goals. Interdependency is the relationship among team members that utilizes everyone's strengths for the betterment of the team. Work flow in modular production system [pic]A Modu lar Production System operates as a Pull System, with demand for work coming from the next operator in line to process the garment. Wastage is normal, and workflow is continuous and does not wait ahead of each operation. This increases the potentials for flexibility of styles and quantities of products that can be produced. Teams usually operate as ‘Stand-up’ or ‘Sit-down’ units A module may be divided into several work zones based on the sequence of operations and the time required for each operation. A work zone consists of a group of sequential operations. Operators are trained to perform the operations in their work zone and djacent operations in adjoining work zones so they can move freely from one operation to another as the garment progresses Work flow within a module may be with a Single-piece hand-off, Kanban, or Bump- back system. If a single-piece hand-off is used, machines are arranged in a very tight configuration. As soon as an operation is co mpleted the part is handed to the next operator for processing. Operations need to be well balanced as there is usually only one garment component between each operation. Some modules may operate with a buffer or small bundle of up to ten pieces of work between operators.If a small bundle is used, an operator will complete the operation on the entire bundle and carry the bundle to the next operation. An operator may follow a component or bundle for as many operations as they have been trained or until the adjacent operator is ready to assume work on the bundle Advantages of a Modular Production System are: 1. ) High flexibility 2. ) Fast throughput times 3. ) Low wastages 4. ) Reduced Absenteeism 5. ) Reduced Repetitive Motion Ailments 6. ) Increased employee ownership of the production process 7. ) Empowered employees 8. ) Improved QualityDisadvantages of Modular Production System: 1. ) A high capital investment in equipment. 2. ) High investment in initial training. 3. ) High cost incurred in continued training Combinations of Production Systems Some firms may use the progressive bundle system for producing small parts Combined with modular production for garment assembly. This reduces the investment in specialized equipment and reduces the team size needed. Some industry consultants believe that a modular system combined with a unit production system provides the most flexibility, fastest throughput, and most consistent quality.This would be particularly useful for large items such as coveralls or heavy coats. The UPS would move the garment instead of the operators. Each manufacturer needs to determine what is best for its product line and production requirements. The another major and oldest production system followed in industry is TOYOTA PRODUCTION SYSTEM (TPS) Toyota production system [pic] History of (TPS) The production system developed by Toyota Motor Corporation to provide best quality, lowest cost, and shortest lead time through the elimination of waste.Development of TPS is credited to Taiichi Ohno, Toyota's chief of production in post-WWII period. Beginning in machining operation and spreading from there, Ohno led the development of TPS at Toyota throughout the 1950's and 1960's and the dissemination to the supply base through the 1960's and 1970's. Toyota Motor Corporation's vehicle production system is a way of â€Å"making things† that is sometimes referred to as a â€Å"lean manufacturing system† or a â€Å"Just-in-Time (JIT) system,† and has come to be well known and studied worldwide.Then, in 1924, Sakichi invented the world's first automatic loom, called the â€Å"Type-G Toyoda Automatic Loom (with non-stop shuttle-change motion)† which could change shuttles without stopping operation. The Toyota term â€Å"jido† is applied to a machine with a built-in device for making judgments, whereas the regular Japanese term â€Å"jido† (automation) is simply applied to a machine that m oves on its own. Jidoka refers to â€Å"automation with a human touch,† as opposed to a machine that simply moves under the monitoring and supervision of an operator. Since the loom stopped when a problem arose, no defective products were produced. This meant that a single operator could be put in charge of numerous looms, resulting in a tremendous improvement in productivity. [pic] Just in time `Just-in-time' is a management philosophy and not a technique.Just-in-Time† means making only â€Å"what is needed, when it is needed, and in the amount needed. † To efficiently produce a large number of products such as automobiles, which are comprised of some 30,000 parts, it is necessary to create a detailed production plan that includes parts procurement, for example. Supplying â€Å"what is needed, when it is needed, and in the amount needed† according to this production plan can eliminate waste, inconsistencies, and unreasonable requirements, resulting in imp roved productivity. Kanban system [pic] Kanban is a production system†¦ its a part of toyato production or lean manufacturing system†¦ Kanban is a Japanese word which means signal cards†¦. These cards are hung where ever required†¦ o only when this card indicated that the particular space is empty; the products are filled back in the tray†¦ This is a simple concept, but very effective. Kanban mainly focus on the reduction of overproduction. The is also interlinked with the Toyota production system In the TPS, a unique production control method called the â€Å"Kanban system† plays an important role. The Kanban system has also been called the â€Å"Supermarket method† because the idea behind it was borrowed from supermarkets. Supermarkets and mass merchandizing stores use product control cards on which product-related information, such as product name, product code, and storage location, is entered.Because Toyota employed Kanban signs in place o f the cards for use in production processes, the method came to be called the â€Å"Kanban system. † At Toyota, when a process goes to the preceding process to retrieve parts, it uses a Kanban to communicate what parts have been used. Here a Kanban system is used [pic] There are two kinds of Kanban †¢ Production instruction Kanban †¢ Parts retrieval kanban Cellular manufacturing What is cellular manufacturing? Cellular manufacturing, sometimes called cellular or cell production, arranges factory floor labor into semi-autonomous and multi-skilled teams, or work cells, who manufacture complete products or complex components.Properly trained and implemented cells are more flexible and responsive than the traditional mass-production line, and can manage processes, defects, scheduling, equipment maintenance, and other manufacturing issues more efficiently [pic] History Cellular manufacturing is a fairly new application of group technology, although the Portsmouth Block M ills offers what by definition constitutes an early example of cellular manufacturing. By 1808, using machinery designed by Marc Isambard Brunel and constructed by Henry Maudslay, the Block Mills were producting 130,000 blocks (pulleys) for the Royal Navy per year in single unit lots, with 10 men operating 42 machines arranged in three production flow lines. This installation apparently reduced manpower requirements by 90% (from 110 to 10), reduced cost substantially and greatly improved block consistency and quality.Group Technology is a management strategy with long term goals of staying in business, growing, and making profits. Companies are under relentless pressure to reduce costs while meeting the high quality expectations of the customer to maintain a competitive advantage. Successfully implementing Cellular manufacturing allows companies to achieve cost savings and quality improvements, especially when combined with the other aspects of lean manufacturing. Cell manufacturing systems are currently used to manufacture anything from hydraulic and engine pumps used in aircraft to plastic packaging components made using injection molding. Goals of cellular manufacturingThe goal of cellular manufacturing is having the flexibility to produce a high variety of low demand products, while maintaining the high productivity of large scale production. Cell designers achieve this through modularity in both process design and product design. Process design The division of the entire production process into discrete segments, and the assignment of each segment to a work cell, introduces the modularity of processes. If any segment of the process needs to be changed, only the particular cell would be affected, not the entire production line. For example, if a particular component was prone to defects, and this could be solved by upgrading the equipment, a new work cell could be designed and prepared while the obsolete cell continued production.Once the new cell is teste d and ready for production, the incoming parts to and outgoing parts from the old cell will simply be rerouted to the new cell without having to disrupt the entire production line. In this way, work cells enable the flexibility to upgrade processes and make variations to products to better suit customer demands while largely reducing or eliminating the costs of stoppages. Product Design Product modularity must match the modularity of processes. Even though the entire production system becomes more flexible, each individual cell is still optimised for a relatively narrow range of tasks, in order to take advantage of the mass-production efficiencies of specialisation and scale.To the extent that a large variety of products can be designed to be assembled from a small number of modular parts, both high product variety and high productivity can be achieved. For example, a varied range of automobiles may be designed to use the same chassis, a small number of engine configurations, and a moderate variety of car bodies, each available in a range of colors. In this way, a large variety of automobiles, with different performances and appearances and functions, can be produced by combining the outputs from a more limited number of work cells. In combination, each modular part is designed for a particular work cell, or dedicated clusters of machines or manufacturing processes.Cells are usually bigger than typical conventional workstations, but smaller than a complete conventional department. After conversion, a cellular manufacturing layout usually requires less floor space as a result of the optimized production processes. Each cell is responsible for its own internal control of quality, scheduling, ordering, and record keeping. The idea is to place the responsibility of these tasks on those who are most familiar with the situation and most able to quickly fix any problems. The middle management no longer has to monitor the outputs and interrelationships of every single worker, and instead only has to monitor a smaller number of work cells and the flow of materials between them, often achieved using a system of kanbans

Balancing Federal Budget

Jared Owen | Revenues (in millions of dollars)| | Individual Income Taxes| Corporate Income Taxes| Social Insurance and Retirement Receipts| Excise Taxes| Other| Total| 2011 Federal Budget| 1,091,473| 181,085| 818,792| 72,381| 139,735| 2,303,466| Your Budget| $1,391,473| $187,946| $800,000| $65,256| $159,000| $2,603,675| Difference| +$300,000| +$6,861| -$18,792| -$7,125| +$19,265| +$303,166| | Expenditures (in millions of dollars)| 050 National Defense| Total-Spending categories 150-450| 500 Education| 550 Health| 570 Medicare| 600 Income Security| 650 Social Security| Total-Spending categories 700-950| Total| 2011 Federal Budget| 705,625| 257,662| 101,233| 372,500| 485,653| 597,352| 730,811| 352,225| 3,603,061| Your Budget| $505,644| $200,632| $110,000| $250,500| $479,222| $407,123| $450,351| 200,203| 2,603,675| Difference| -$199,981| -$57,030| +$8,767| -$122,000| -$6,431| -$190,229| -$280,460| -$152,022| -$999,386| I am going to raise the individual income tax which might anger peo ple; however I am lowering the excise taxes which is for gas, etc.I am also raising corporate income taxes because big franchise companies can afford to give up some of their income to be able to give more elsewhere. I thought lowering the social insurance and retirement receipts was a good idea because there are programs and benefits that are already implemented into this and the extra money will be put in areas that do not have extra help and rely just on the money inflow. I increased the other category because since it incorporates multiple programs, the big increase will be spread across a lot of different programs therefore, to each individual program it will not be a big increase.I lowered the National Defense spending because since we won the war overseas, we are bringing more and more troops home and even though it is not a â€Å"total peace time,† we do not have to spend as much as the year before. I actually increased what is spend on education because that is very important to our country and the more educated people there are, the more jobs people will be able to get which in turn means they make more money then they would without education. This means that more money will increase the GDP and make the economy grow.Unfortunately, I had to cut some spending in the health and medicare areas but there are programs and benefits that help these areas so it is not as much as a loss and the plain numbers show. I decreased the social security because this government spending does not count towards the GDP which means it does nothing for the economy. These people can afford to take a minor pay cut in order for that money to be used in other areas that will help the economy grow. I decreased the income security because of the different acts such as The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 which protect these people in said programs.The decrease in both total spending categories are appropriate, again, because they include multiple areas tha t already have benefits implemented in them. This means that a small decrease in many areas will give a bigger sum of money to be spent in other areas. In conclusion, the areas that need to be changed are the ones that will make the population spend more in our country to increase our GDP and in turn get our economy back on track. By doing this, we are getting our economy under control which will lead to it becoming easier to balance the federal budget.